Chapter 11: Endocrine System (Study Guide)

Describe the cause, effect, and treatment of Hypothyroidism.

Cause: under-production of Thyroxine decreases metabolism Effect: weight gain, depression, fatigue, puffiness of face, hands, and feet Treatment: thyroid-replacement hormone drugs

Describe how a hormone communicates with cells.

Hormones are transported throughout the body via the bloodstream, but they only affect target cells, which have hormone-specific receptors.

Describe the function of Thyroxine.

Increases metabolic rate Regulates growth and development

List the hormones of the pancreas.

Insulin Glucagon

List the hormones of the pineal gland.

Melatonin

What is the function of the testes?

Stimulate sperm production and development of male sexual characteristics

Describe the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles Stimulates production of estrogen (female) and sperm (male)

Describe the function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

Stimulates growth of the adrenal gland

Describe the function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone.

Stimulates growth of the thyroid gland

Describe the function of prolactin.

Stimulates milk production

Describe the function of Luteinizing Hormone.

Stimulates ovulation and produces progesterone (female)

Describe the function of Thymosin.

Stimulates production of antibodies.

Describe the function of Cortisol.

Stress hormone that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of proteins

Define anabolic steroids.

Synthetic form of testosterone used to treat some diseases

List the hormones of the testes.

Testosterone

Explain how a negative feedback loop works to maintain homeostasis.

When the amount of a particular hormone in the blood reaches a certain level, the endocrine system sends signals that stop the release of that hormone.

What are hormones?

chemical messengers that control numerous body functions

The endocrine system maintains _____ by _____ ______.

homeostasis; negative feedback

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

"Master gland" that communicates with the hypothalamus to control many body activities

Describe diabetes mellitus.

A decreased secretion of insulin that affects the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats

What is the function of the thymus gland?

Activates immune cells

List seven activities controlled by hormones.

Activities of specific organs Mood and sleep Growth and development Reproduction Sexual characteristics Use and storage of energy Levels of fluids, salt, and sugar in the blood

Define and describe the two functions that hormones allow in the human body.

Allow for the maintenance of internal homeostasis Allow for the regulation of growth and development

Explain the difference between the two types of hormones in terms of chemical composition.

Amino Acid Compounds are composed of proteins or similar compounds of amino acids Steroids are derived from cholesterol

List the negative side effects of using steroids for both sexes.

Balding, excess body hair, hostility, aggression, hallucinations, severe acne, kidney disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart damage, liver dysfunction, liver cancer, stunted growth

Describe the cause, effect, and treatment of Cretinism.

Cause: hypothyroidism since infancy/early childhood Effect: malformation, mental retardation Treatment: none

Describe the cause, effect, and treatment of Hyperthyroidism.

Cause: over-production of Thyroxine increases metabolism Effect: weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, high blood pressure, nervousness, irregular menstrual periods (female) Treatment: anti-thyroid medication, surgical removal of the thyroid gland

Describe the cause, effect, and treatment of Gigantism.

Cause: over-secretion of Growth Hormone before puberty Effect: excessive growth in long bones Treatment: drug therapy to inhibit Growth Hormone release

Describe the cause, effect, and treatment of Graves Disease.

Cause: severe over-production of Thyroxine Effect: all symptoms of Hyperthyroidism, strained and tense facial expressions, irritability, goiter Treatment: surgical removal of the thyroid gland

Describe the cause, effect, and treatment of Dwarfism.

Cause: under-production of Growth Hormone during childhood Effect: long bone growth is decreased Treatment: early diagnosis, injections of Growth Hormone for five or more years

List the hormones of the adrenal glands.

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine Cortisol Glucocorticoids Mineral Corticoids Sex Hormones

List the hormones of the ovaries.

Estrogen Progesterone

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

Help the body prepare for and deal with stress

List the negative side effects of using steroids for females.

Facial hair, breast reduction, deepening of voice, cessation of menstrual cycle

Describe the negative feedback loop in terms of the hormone leptin.

Fat cells produce leptin when that are filled Leptin is transported to the brain, where it suppresses appetite Leptin decreases when fat is used --> hunger increases

Name the two diseases of the pituitary gland.

Gigantism Dwarfism

List the hormones of the pituitary gland.

Growth Hormone Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Prolactin Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone

Describe the function of Growth Hormone.

Growth/elongation of long bones Helps fat to be used for energy

Describe the function of Glucocorticoids.

Help body to respond to unfavorable conditions Promote tissue healing

Name the diseases of the thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism Graves Disease Hypothyroidism Cretinism

Describe the function of Calcitonin.

Lowers blood calcium by accelerating storage in bones

Describe the function of Insulin.

Lowers blood glucose Promotes storage of glycogen in liver and muscles

What is the function of the pacreas?

Maintains glucose homeostasis after eating

Describe the function of Progesterone.

Maintains uterine lining

List the hormones of the parathyroid glands.

Parathormone

Describe the function of Estrogen.

Promotes growth and development of sex organs (female)

Describe the function of Antidiuretic Hormone.

Promotes reabsorption of water from kidneys Decreases water excretion

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

Raise blood calcium

Describe the function of Parathormone.

Raises blood calcium to maintain proper levels of circulating calcium

Describe the function of Glucagon.

Raises blood glucose

Describe the function of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine.

Raises blood glucose levels Prepares for fight or flight

List the negative side effects of using steroids for males.

Reduced testicular size, lowered sperm count, impotency, breast enlargement

Describe the function of Mineral Corticoids.

Regulate electrolyte balance

What is the function of the ovaries?

Regulate menstruation and female sexual characteristics

Describe the function of Melatonin.

Regulates circadian rhythm

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

Regulates metabolism, growth and development, and blood calcium levels.

Describe the function of Testosterone.

Regulates sexual characteristics (male)

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Regulates the sleep/wake cycle

Describe the function of Oxytocin.

Released during childbirth Causes uterine contractions

List the steps of negative feedback involving the pancreas.

The pancreas releases insulin when blood glucose is too high Insulin stimulates the liver to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen When there is not enough sugar in the blood, the pancreas releases glucagon Glucagon signals the liver to release glucose back into the blood

List the hormones of the thymus gland.

Thymosin

List the hormones of the thyroid gland.

Thyroxine Calcitonin

Contrast the two types of diabetes mellitus.

Type I: insulin-dependent, juvenile onset, genetic and various factors destroy parts of the pancreas, requires insulin injections Type II: adult onset, risk factors include being overweight/obese, genetics, and being part of certain ethnic groups