Chapter 11
What Enables Close Relationships?
Attachment Attachment styles -Secure attachment >Rooted in trust and marked by intimacy -Avoidant attachment >Avoiding closeness -Anxious attachment >Clinging, then indifferent or hostile
What Enables Close Relationships?
Attachment -Our need to belong is adaptive >Parents and children >Friends >Spouses or lovers
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Physical Attractiveness -The Matching phenomenon: Tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Proximity -Geographical nearness; functional distance -Interaction >Availability
Playing violent, over non-violent, video games has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT
increased feelings of empathy
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Similarity versus Complementarity Do opposites attract? -Complementarity >Popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other
What Is Love?
Companionate Love -Affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined -Occurs after passionate love fades
How Do Relationships End?
Detachment Process Alternatives to exiting a relationship -Loyalty >Waiting for conditions to improve -Neglect >Ignore the partner and allow the relationship to deteriorate -Voice concerns >Take active steps to improve relationship
How Do Relationships End?
Divorce -Rates varied widely by country -Individualistic cultures have more divorce than do communal cultures
What Enables Close Relationships?
Equity: Condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it -Long-term equity >As people observe their partners being self-giving, their sense of trust grows -Perceived equity and satisfaction
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Physical Attractiveness Who is attractive? -Evolution and attraction >Assumption that beauty signals biologically important information --Health --Youth --Fertility
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Physical Attractiveness Who is attractive? -Social comparison >Contrast effect -Attractiveness of those we love >We see likable people as attractive
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Physical Attractiveness Who is attractive? -Whatever people of any given place and time find attractive >Perfect average >Symmetry
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Physical Attractiveness -Attractiveness and dating >Looks are a predictor of how often one dates >Looks influence voting
"Playing violent video games gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the _____ hypothesis.
catharsis
The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called
companionate love
A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of
displacement
All things being equal, when compared to others, people typically assume beautiful people are
intelligent, outgoing, happier
All the following factors are likely to increase aggression EXCEPT
too much sleep
What Is Love?
Passionate Love -Emotional, exciting, and intense -Expressed physically
What Is Love?
Passionate Love -Variations in love: culture and gender >Marriages for love versus arranged marriages
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Liking Those Who Like Us Attribution -Ingratiation >Use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor
What Is Love?
Passionate Love Theory of passionate love -Two-factor theory of emotion >Suggests that in a romantic context, arousal from any source, even painful experiences, can be steered into passion
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Physical Attractiveness -Physical-attractiveness stereotype: Presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well >First impressions >Is the "Beautiful is Good" stereotype accurate? --Attractive people are valued and favored, and so many develop more social self-confidence >>Self-fulfilling prophecy
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Proximity -Anticipation of interaction -Mere exposure >Tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them --Exposure without awareness leads to liking
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Relationship Rewards Reward Theory of Attraction:Theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events -Influences on attraction: >Proximity >Attractiveness >Similar opinions >Mutual liking
What Enables Close Relationships?
Self-Disclosure -Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others >Disclosure reciprocity --Tendency for one person's intimacy or self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner
What Leads to Friendship and Attraction?
Similarity versus Complementarity Do birds of a feather flock together? -Likeness begets liking -Dissimilarity breeds dislike
John Gottman (1994, 1998, 2005) noted that healthy marriages were NOT marked by
a lack of conflict
According to the two-factor theory of emotion, being aroused by _____ should intensify passionate feelings.
any source
Bandura's famous study on social learning theory explored children's aggressive behaviors
beat up inflatable doll
Self-disclosure involves
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
In the context of what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype, small average differences between attractive and unattractive people probably result from
self fulfilling prophecies
According to the social learning theory, whether we act aggressively depends on
the anticipated consequences
