Chapter 11 Homework

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

True or false: An assumption of the non rational decision making models is that mangers possess all of the information needed to make optimal decisions

False

True or False: The goal of decision making is to find a solution that leads to a desired state of affairs

True

Bounded rationality is the idea that decision makers

Face various restrictions when making decisions

A holistic hunch can be described as

1. A judgment based on subconscious synthesis of memories 2. A decision that just feels right

Which of the assumptions of the rational decision-making model are faulty?

1. Managers have complete information 2. Managers leave emotion out of their decision 3. Managers have all of the resources needed to make rational decisions

A problem occurs when there is a gap between _____ and a _______ situation

Actual Desired

People who have a high tolerance for ambiguity and focus on people and the social aspects of a work situation have the _________ decision making style

Conceptual

A form of __________ brainstorming known as brain writing allows participants to submit their ideas over a computer network

Electronic

Judgmental heuristics are the ____________ shortcuts we use to simplify the decision making process

cognitive

Brainstorming is a technique used to help groups generate multiple _____ and alternatives for solving _________

ideas problems

Decisions that come to mind on their own and are not evaluated for validity are known as ________

intuition

A ______ is the divide between an actual and a desired situation

problem

If a chosen solution fails to solve the problem, managers can return to the __________ _____________ stage of the model

problem identification

Which of the following activities ar included in the decision making process?

1. Determining alternative solutions 2. Picking alternative solutions

A decision tree can be described as

1. Showing the process underlying decisions 2. Showing the consequences of making decisions

The bias that occurs when knowledge of previous outcomes influences decisions about the probability of future consequences

Hindsight bias

Breeds excessive optimism and risk taking

Invulnerability

Loyalty of dissenters is questioned

Peer pressure

Stifles critical debate

Self-censorship

Person factors that drive creative performance include

1. Motivation to apply relevant knowledge 2. Domain relevant knowledge 3. Willingness to tolerate ambiguity

List the creative performance behaviors in sequence with the first one at the top

1. Problem formulation/definition 2. Preparation/information gathering 3. Idea generation 4. Idea evaluation/validation

Criteria that should be used in evaluating alternatives are

1. whether it will solve the problem 2. what it will cost 3. Whether it is ethical

If the chosen ________ fails to solve the problem, managers can try another solution

Alternative

People who have a high tolerance for ambiguity and focus on tasks and technical concerns have which of the following decision making styles?

Analytical

The idea that decision makers are limited by various constraints during the decision-making process in the non rational model known as ______ __________

Bounded rationality

A technique used for solving problems, generating creative ideas for new products, and removing performance roadblocks is

Brainstorming

Ask for feedback

Confirm your intuitive judgments by seeking feedback from your reliable individuals

When you pinpoint and pick a solution that best solves a problem, this is

Decision making

Computer-based interactive systems that help decision makers use data and models to solve problems are __________ __________ systems

Decision support

Computer-based interactive systems that help decision makers use data and models to solve problems are

Decision support systems

A graphical representation of the process underlying decisions that shows the consequences of making various choices

Decision tree

People who have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task oriented when making decisions have which decision-making style?

Directive

When managers are using the rational model and optimizing as they make decisions, they are doing which of the following?

Finding the idea solution

Evidence is used to ________ a decision whenever the decision process combines hard, objective facts with qualitative inputs

Inform

Ignores ethical implications

Inherent morality

Protect themselves against adverse information

Mindguards

Underestimates opponents

Stereotyped views of the opposition

Evidence-based decision making holds the promise of

1. Avoiding decision-making biases 2. Improving performance

Satisficing means that managers

1. Make a decision that is good enough 2. Make a decision that is satisfactory, but not optimal

The tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that a bad situation can be reversed is

Escalation of commitment bias

The process of conscientiously using the best available data when making managerial decisions

Evidence-based decision making

Which of the following are characteristics of people with the conceptual decision making style?

1. A long term perspective 2. A broad perspective 3. They rely on intuition

Automated experiences are based on

1. A partly subconscious applying of information that was previously learned 2. Well known situations

Research has found that key decision-making errors include

1. Allocating resources poorly to study alternatives 2. Making a quick decision without looking at all available information 3. Selecting a solution without considering alternatives

People who have a directive decision style

1. Are decisive and action oriented 2. Like to focus on facts

Characteristics of the rational decision-making model include the assumption that mangers

1. Are objective 2. Possess all information needed to make the best decision

People who have the behavioral style of decision making can be characterized as

1. Avoiding conflict 2. Having a hard time saying not to others 3. Working well with others

Factors that have led to decision support systems include

1. Big data 2. Advances in information technology 3. Globalization of organizations

Which of the following are techniques for preventing groupthink

1. Bring in outside experts 2. Appoint a devils advocate 3. Encourage subgroup debates

Some tips for sparking creativity include

1. Daydreaming 2. Solving problems when you're groggy 3. Putting effort into it

The assumptions behind non rational models of decision making are that

1. Decision makers lack competence information 2. Decision making lacks certainty 3. Managers struggle to make the best decisions

Which of the following should be considered in asserting the feasibility of an alternative?

1. Does the time permit? 2. Are customers resistant?

A group that is comfortable with minority dissent is more likely to

1. Experience job satisfaction 2. Relative positively to group participation

Advantages of group decision making include

1. Greater commitment to a decision 2. Better understanding of the reasons for a decision 3. A greater pool of knowledge

Examples of internal resources that constrain decision making process in the non rational model include

1. Human and social capital 2. Technology and financial capital

List the four steps in the rational decision making model with the first step in the process at the top and last step on the bottom

1. Identify the issue 2. Come up with potential solutions 3. Evaluate the possibilities and select a solution 4. Put the solution into practice and evaluate it

Confirmation bias has which of the following components?

1. Information is sought that confirms the already made decision and discounts information that does not 2. A decisions is made before investigating it

Suggestions for ways to make better decisions include

1. Investigating a greater number of potential solutions 2. Slowing down when making decisions 3. Considering a borader set of alternatives

List the steps in Bagley's ethical decision tree with the first question on the top and the last question on the bottom

1. Is the proposed action legal? 2. Does it maximize shareholder value? 3. Is it ethical to take this action? 4. Would it be ethical to not take this action?

What can managers do if the chosen alternative fails to eliminate the gap between the desired and actual situation?

1. Keep trying all alternatives that are feasible 2. Return to the problem identification step in the model 3. Try implementing a different alternative

Managerscan reduce the likelihood of escalation of commitment bias if they

1. Make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence 2. Set minimum targets for performance and compare results to targets

Research has found certain situational characteristics that drive creativity include

1. Positive relationships with coworkers 2. Mutual accountability 3. Interpersonal diversity

The disadvantages of group decision making include

1. Social pressure reduces creativity 2. Goal displacement 3. A few people dominate

Expertise is the combination of which of the following?

1. Tactic knowledge 2. Explicit knowledge

When you rely on intuition, which of the following are lacking?

1. The conscious awareness of the evoking cues 2. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the evoking cues

The model of decision-making styles is based on which of the following dimensions?

1. Tolerance for ambiguity 2. Value orientation

Analytical decision makers are those who

1. Tolerate ambiguity well 2. Respond well to new situations 3. Consider as many facts as possible

Big data, the vast quantity of data available to decision makers, can

1. allow for more narrow segmentation of customers 2. Enhance productivity 3. Make information more transparent and usable

When decision makers are influenced by the first information they receive even if it is irrelevant, it is

Anchoring bias

People who prefer to avoid conflict and focus strongly on people and the social aspects of a work situation have the ________ style of decision making

Behavioral

The joint novelty and usefulness of a product or service as judged by others is

Creative outcome effectiveness

People with a ______ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward tasks

Directive

When winning an argument with a rival overshadows the primary goal of trying to solve the problem, it is known as _________ ___________

Goal displacement

When people who are members of a cohesive in-group so strive for unanimity that they fall to realistically appraise alternative courses of action it is

Groupthink

The bias that occurs when knowledge of previous outcomes influences decisions about the probability of future concurrence is

Hindsight bias

When you make a decision that comes to mind without clear awareness or evaluation of the evoking cues, this is

Intuition

The intuition model is based on two distinct processes: an _________ and one a __________ one that is its opposite

Involuntary Voluntary

Test your intuitive success rate

Look at the times you relied on your intuition, calculate your success rate, and assess the reasons why your intuition was wrong at times

The ___ ______ models of decision making explain how managers really come to decisions

Non rational

An __________ is a situation in which it is possible to do something that eclipses expectations

Opportunity

The bias that takes place because we are optimistic based on overestimates of what we are able to do is

Overconfidence bias

If a chosen solution fails to solve the problem, mangers can return to the __________ ____________ stage of the model

Problem identification

Decision follow more logically from available knowledge

Quality

Protects "pet" ideas and assumptions

Rationalization

When all members of a group either agree with a decision or are able to support it, they have

Reached consensus

Trust judgements based on intuition

Rely on your feelings including your gut feel

The decision-making heuristic used when people estimate the probability of an event occurring based on impressions about similar occurrences is

Representative bias

It discourages decisions based on personal or bureaucratic considerations

Responsibility

Deciding to choose a solution that meets enough minimum qualifications is

Satisficing

Deciding to select a solution that meets some minimum, adequate qualifications is __________

Satisficing

Challenge your intuition

Test your intuition and hunches by forming counterarguments

The group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts is

The Delphi technique

The extent to which a person has a high need for structure and control in his or her life is known as

Tolerance for ambiguity

The reasoning behind a decision is available for scrutiny

Transparency

The extent to which an individual focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns in making decisions is

Value orientation

A decision tree is a graphical representation of the process underlying decisions that shows the __________ of making various choices

consequences

The process of producing new and useful ideas concerning products, services, processes, and procedures is

creativity

The way an individual perceives stimuli and the general manner in which he or she responds to it is a __________-_______ style

decision-making

When you can possibly produce results that surpass goals, it is an

opportunity

The decision making model that assumes managers are fully objective and have all information they need to make a decision is the ______ decision model

rational


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