Chapter 11: Learning by Observation

will imitative behavior occur

1. Attentional Process (pay attention to the appropriate features of the model's behavior if imitation is to occur) 2. Retentional Processes (an individual must retain some of the information that is gained through observation if imitation is to occur at a later time) 3. Motor Reproductive Processes ( learner must have the appropriate motor skills in order to imitate a model. In other words, the learner must be able to translate general knowledge into a coordinated pattern of muscle movements) 4. Incentive and Motivational Processes (first three processes are all that are necessary for an individual to acquire the capability to perform some new behavior, but this capability will not be reflected in the learner's behavior without the appropriate incentive. Bandura states that the individual must have an expectation that the performance of this new behavior will produce some type of reinforcement)

social learning theory

By this, Bandura and Walters meant a combination of (1) the traditional principles of classical and operant conditioning, plus (2) the principles of observational learning, or imitation

Bandura's theory states that the individual need have no expectation that the performance of a new behavior will produce some type of reinforcement.

False

Bandura's view was that the information-retained memory is in a very specific form which later could be expressed in specific overt behaviors.

False

In Bandura's theory, Motor Reproductive Processes refers to the fact that the model must demonstrate novel motor skills in order for the learner to imitate appropriately.

False

McClelland found no significant correlation between the average level of achievement motivation depicted in a country's children's stories and its rate of economic growth during the next 25 years.

False

Miller and Dollard concluded that imitation does not require reinforcing the individual for imitating.

False

Research results from Lefkowitz, Huesmann, and others support the view that when they discipline their children, parents are serving as models or controlling agents but not both.

False

The goal of video self-modeling is to increase the performance of desired behaviors by having clients watch themselves making errors so they can correct them.

False

True imitation occurs when an animal imitates a behavior that it has performed many times before

False

after decades of research there is still no substantial evidence that TV viewing can affect the attitudes and behavior of children or adults

False

research by Anderson, Carnagey, and Eubanks has found evidence that listening to music with violent lyrics can actually decrease aggressive thoughts and emotions in adolescents

False

researchers have found that drug and alcohol use among adolescents is more highly correlated with the habits of their parents than with the habits of their peers

False

the best therapeutic example of the strengthening of well-established behaviors through modeling comes from the work of Lovaas

False

the debate over explanations of imitative behavior is only about terminology and not about how much we should speculate about processes that we cannot observe directly

False

the principle of reinforcement can, by itself, explain the first occurrence of any response learned by observation

False

the principle of reinforcement cannot account for some instances of imitation of novel behavior even if we include the concept of generalization

False

Bandura concluded that reinforcement is not necessary for the -performance- of new behaviors through observation, but that the expectation of reinforcement is essential for the -learning- of these new behaviors.

False, switch performance and learning

the theory of generalized imitation uses concepts such as attention, retention, and expectation of reward

False, that's Bandura's theory

Andrews, Hops, and Duncan found that adolescents who had good relationships with their parents were more likely to imitate their use of cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol than those who had poor relationships.

True

Bandura and Walters argued that traditional learning theory was grossly incomplete because it neglected the role of observational learning.

True

Bandura and Walters claimed that direct reinforcement and observational learning work together in shaping what we might call self-discipline and a high achievement motivation.

True

Bandura and Walters' major point was that a good deal of learning occurs through vicarious rather than personal experience

True

Bandura's theory can definitely be classified as a cognitive theory, for it proposes several processes that can never be observed in an individual's behavior.

True

Bandura's theory states that the learner must pay attention to the appropriate features of the model's behavior if imitation is to occur.

True

Bandura's view was that the information-retained memory is in a fairly abstract form, which might later be expressed in a variety of different overt behaviors.

True

Erjavec, Lovett, & Horne's research suggests that a general ability to imitate new behaviors does not appear until later in childhood.

True

In Bandura's theory, Motor Reproductive Processes refers to the fact that the learner must have the appropriate motor skills in order to imitate a model.

True

In summary, Bandura's claim that the theory of generalized imitation cannot explain his results is not correct.

True

Learning by observation is a highly sophisticated type of learning.

True

Miller and Dollard claimed that observational learning is simply a special case of operant conditioning.

True

Rosenthal and Zimmerman showed that a child's mastery of the conservation task can be enhanced by observational learning.

True

True imitation occurs when an animal imitates a behavior that probably would not have been learned unless the animal observed another animal performing the behavior.

True

overall research findings suggest that music with violent and antisocial lyrics can have undesirable effects on the attitudes, emotions, and behaviors of children and adolescents

True

social facilitation occurs only when the particular behavior is one that is already in the repertoire of the imitator

True

the theory of generalized imitation predicts that imitation will most likely occur when the current situation is similar to situations in which the observer has been reinforced for imitation in the past

True

Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between how much violence children watch and their levels of ----- behavior.

aggressive

Modeling has been used in ----- , in which shy or passive individuals learn to avoid letting others take advantage of them by making unreasonable demands or requests.

assertiveness training

principle of reinforcement

cannot explain why a rat makes its first lever press cannot explain by itself the first occurrence of any response by observation can account for some instances of novel behavior if we include the concept of generalization

If a child understands that the amount of water does not change when it is poured into a container of a different shape, the child has learned the concept of ----- .

conservation

Some experiments have found evidence that newborn infants can imitate the ----- of adults.

facial expressions

mirror neurons

fire both when an animal makes a certain movement and when the animal observes someone else make that movement

assertiveness training

for people who are overly submissive in certain situations and want to develop the ability to stand up for their rights

According to the theory that imitation is a ----- operant response, individuals will imitate the behavior of others if they have been reinforced for imitation in similar situations in the past.

generalized

video self- modeling

goal of this technique is to increase the performance of desired behaviors by having clients watch themselves correctly perform these behaviors in a video

field experiments

in which the TV viewing and the measurement of aggressive behaviors occur in more realistic settings

In a ----- study, the behaviors of the same individuals are repeatedly measured over long periods of time.

longitudinal

participant modeling

model first performs a behavior related to the phobia and then the patient imitates the behavior of the model. In each step of the treatment, the patient's involvement with the object of the phobia becomes more demanding

Besides attentional and retentional processes, Bandura's theory states that ----- processes and ----- processes are necessary for successful imitation

motor reproductive; incentive and motivational

ability to learn through observations

no means unique to human beings

behavioral skills training

part of a larger program that may include verbal instruction, prompting, guided practice, and feedback

In ------ modeling, the learner imitates the behavior of a model in each step of the treatment.

participant

graduated modeling

progressing from simple to more demanding behaviors

In Bandura's research, young children were more likely to imitate the aggressive behaviors of an adult if the adult's behaviors were ----- than if the adult's behaviors were ----- .

reinforced; punished

longitudinal study

relevant variables are measured at different points in time

true imitation

reserved for cases that cannot be explained by simpler mechanisms such as social facilitation or stimulus enhancement

The behavior of one animal prompts another animal to perform the same behavior, but the behavior is one that the second animal has performed before; this is called -----.

social facilitation

stimulus enhancement

the behavior of a model directs the attention of the learner to a particular stimulus or place in the environment

infants may not be born with a general ability to imitate the actions of others because lip protrusion and other facial expressions may be an inborn fixed-action pattern

true

the evidence for observational learning of phobias may actually be stronger for animals than for people

true

the joint factors of observational learning and social reinforcement are frequently cited as major contributors to the onset of smoking

true

social facilitation

which the behavior of one animal prompts similar behaviors from another animal (behavior already in repertoire of the imitator)