Chapter 11: Lesson 3 (The Crusades)

What was the sixth positive effect of the crusade?

After the crusades, the Europeans now knew about life in the Holy Land, other parts of Europe, and the Mediterranean.

What was the first positive effect of the crusades?

As the crusaders passed through Europe, they brought with them the need for goods and services. Business in European towns prospered. As well as this, since the Muslims had a higher standard for living, the crusaders wanted Europe to have the civic improvements of these lands. Crusaders also brought back many of the luxury goods available in the East, such as silk, spices, and pearls. The Italian cities of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa negotiated special trade treaties with Muslim rulers. In 1277, by special treaty with Muslim Sicily, Venetians learned glass making.

What happened to Emperor Frederick I on the crusade?

Frederick drowned in 1190 while swimming across a river in Turkey. Most of his army was so discouraged that they returned to Europe.

What speech started the crusades?

In 1095, pope Urban II spoke to a large audience and told them of how Jerusalem was "held captive by the enemies of Christ", and "implores you to come to her aid", to which people replied, "God wills it!"

What were the crusades?

The crusades were a series of eight wars Europeans fought to win the Holy Land from the Muslims from the years 1096 to 1270.

What were crusader states?

Crusader states were small outposts that were run like feudal kingdoms in Europe. The crusaders selected kings for these states, although the kings had no more power than a feudal lord.

Why did Pope Urban want to reunite the Western and Eastern Christians?

Reuniting the Western and Eastern Christians under his rule to gain more power. Becoming allies with the Byzantines would help him do this.

After the siege of Acre, how did Richard and Saladin act?

Richard gained some territories but failed to regain Jerusalem. Each leader made various peace proposals, and in September 1192, the two leaders signed a 5-year treaty in which the crusaders could keep their cities along the coast from Jaffa north, and pilgrims could once again freely visit the holy places.

How was King Richard in the crusade?

Richard, nicknamed "the lion heart," was a military genius, but had a very unstable character, generous and then violent within moments of each other.

Who was Saladin?

Saladin was a leader of the Muslim forces in the late 1100s. Saladin had bee a young Muslim schoolboy in Damascus when Christian knights laid siege to his his city during the Second Crusade. As a young man, he served in the army of Syria. When the Syrian army took control of Egypt, south of the Holy Land, the caliph gave Saladin the job of running the government. he united the many small Muslim groups around the crusader states, and became supreme leader of both Egypt and Syria in 1171.

What is the third positive effect of the crusades?

European poetry and music grew after the crusaders learned of the Arabs' love for poetry and music. Also, a concept called "courtly love", in which women were seen as holy, pure, and good, was developed.

Who traveled on the crusades?

In the First Crusade, approximately 45,000 crusaders fought. 4,000 of those were knights and the rest were foot soldiers, archers, and cooks. Women and priests also traveled with the crusaders.

What occurred in the Second Crusade?

Instead of fighting the Muslims, the armies of King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany fought among themselves. Then Muslims almost wiped out the crusader army in Turkey. The men who did manage to make it to the Holy Land did not get along with the Christian lords, who feared that the newcomers would attempt to set up a new government.

What happened in Philip's siege of Acre?

Philip began he siege of Acre in 1191, and was joined by Richard. The next month, the Muslims surrendered and Philip returned to France. After occupying Acre for a few weeks, Richard became impatient when peace negotiations with Saladin were going slowly. Richard ordered the execution of all the city's Muslims.

How did Pope Urban turn the European knights away from infighting?

Pope Urban granted the knights the lands that they conquered while taking part in the crusades, thus attracting the younger sons of many nobles, since first-born sons were the only ones who could inherit a father's feudal lands.

What occurred at the Horns of Hattin?

The crusader army camped in a small valley between the Horns of Hattin, twin mountain peaks 6 miles from Tiberias. At night, the Muslim cavalry surrounded the Christian crusaders, who were outnumbered by several thousand. They set fire to the grass in the valley and boxed in the crusaders. few crusaders escaped death or slavery. however, he guaranteed the safety of fleeing pilgrims, released husbands from captivity, and gave gifts to widows and orphans. Saladin finally retook Jerusalem, and within three months, took over almost all of Palestine.

What was the path that the crusaders took to get to Jerusalem?

The crusaders first went by foot and on horseback to Constantinople. Then the marched to the Seljuk capital of Nicaea, conquering it in 1097. They swept eastward across Turkey, and in 1098, established the first of their crusader states. The crusaders then traveled to the Holy Land, reaching Jerusalem in 1099. The Muslim and Jewish inhabitants were slaughtered, and the city was made the capital of another crusader state. Since the land was a narrow, long strip, leaving it vulnerable to Muslim forces on the outside, huge castle were built on the eastern border, inhabited by knights.

What were the negative effects of the crusades?

The crusades are considered by many to be a failure, as Jerusalem remained under Muslim control. The Jews also suffered from the crusades. Since Jews were also considered infidels, both the eastern and western Jewish population was slaughtered. a number of Jewish towns along the Rhine River were also destroyed.

What was the fifth positive effect of the crusades?

The crusades strengthened Europe's national governments. Thousands of feudal lords were killed, and many landowning families went bankrupt paying for their knights' voyages. thus their lands returned to the monarchs, whose power grew.

What is the fourth positive effect of the crusades?

The crusades strengthened the church's desire to spread Christianity and eventually overwhelm the Muslim empire. The church also began seeing that exploration was a highly effective method of spreading Christianity.

What reasons led to peasants wanting to join the crusades?

The first reasons was that the church promised immediate salvation in heaven to anyone killed while helping to recover the Holy Land for Christians. Secondly, a peasant could be free of the bonds to his feudal lord if he became a crusader. Also, the crusades, offered adventure to peasants.

Saladin led the Muslims in a siege of _____, the capital city of one of the crusader states near the Sea of Galilee. Knights of Jerusalem headed to the city to free it from Saladin.

Tiberias

What started the Third Crusade?

When news of the loss of Jerusalem reached the pope, he is said to have died of grief. His successor, pope Gregory VIII,called for a Third Crusade: The Crusade of Kings. Emperor Frederick I of Germany, King Richard of England, and King Philip II of France joined the pope. In 1189, these kings and their armies began to prepare for retaking Jerusalem.

What was the second positive effect of the crusades?

With the crusades came a great transfer of military technology. battles with the more advanced Muslims taught the Europeans about new and better weapons and tactics. it is possible that this is how gunpowder originated in Europe.

What was the Fourth Crusade?

in 1198, Pope Innocent III called the Fourth Crusade. In this crusade, the crusaders headed east by the Mediterranean Sea. The Venetian merchants saw this as a chance to strengthen their trade routes. they convinced the crusaders to use force if necessary to have the Venetians' choice be the next byzantine Emperor. When the crusaders carried this wish out in Constantinople, the people rebelled The crusaders then seized Constantinople during an incident known as "the Sack of Constantinople." For three days, the crusaders burned libraries and churches, stole art, jewels, and gold, and shipped their bounty back to Venice.

Winning the Holy Land from the _____, or non-Christians, was Pope Urban's most obvious motive for war.

infidels