Chapter 11- Motivation and Emotion

Expressive Suppression

A response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves a deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion. e.g. in order to avoid a confrontation you might literally bite your lip rather than tell your roommates that they are slobs for letting the dishes pile up.

___________ seems to be connected with the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and thalamus and appears to contribute to appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli, with a specialized function for noticing fear-relevant information.

Amygdala

What are some key areas in the brain for emotion processing?

Amygdala Pre-frontal cortex

Compare and contrast amygdala role in emotional response and pre-frontal cortex's role. Do they influence eachother.

Amygdala is more involved in determining whether a situation merits an emotional response at all, whereas the prefrontal cortex may be more involved in determining options for response, regulation, or reappraisal.

Reappraisal

An emotion regulation strategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results.

What steps are part of the emotion process?

Antecedent event Appraisal Emotional response Physiological changes Behavioral/Expressive Changes Subjective changes

Emotions emerge in response to situations we encounter in the world or in our thoughts called___________ ______________.

Antecedent events

The physiological system responsible for changes during an emotional response is the _______________ ______________ _______________.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) *governs involuntary responses; plays huge role in changes in heart rate, blood pressure, release of hormones etc.

When and how we express emotion on our face is determined by innate, biologically determined factors and by__________.

Culturally learned influences such as display rules, that may vary from one culture to another.

How does emotion and drive differ?

Drives are linked to very specific needs or triggers, whereas emotions are not. Emotions are a form of bodily response to a certain stimulus.

Neuralcultural theory of emotion

Elkman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation are culturally derived.

Activation of facial and physiological might enhance ____________, becoming yet another kind of input for a new emotional experience.

Emotion

The last step of an emotion process is ________.

Emotional response

T/F: People in different cultures express emotion differently on their faces.

False: there is widespread universality in how basic emotions get expressed on the human face.

Broaden-and-build model

Fredrickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills. play, for example, especially the rough-and-tumble play of animals and young children, is a kind of fun that helps develop physical and strategic skills, which may be useful for hunting, escaping, or defensive fighting.

Why do we have emotions?

From an evolutionary perspective, emotions are adaptations to particular problems in our ancestral past and so contributed to survival and reproductive success. emotions bring our physiological systems together to help us deal efficiently with critical situations.

What does Ekman call basic emotions and why?

He calls them "Emotion families" because they are not single states but rather, they are categories or groups of related emotions.

The _________ appears to be a pleasure or reward center and is, therefore, related to positive emotions.

Hypothalamus

__________ is active during the experience of pain or empathy for another's pain and also plays a role in disgust.

Insula

Disgust leads to activation of the ________ as well as the _____.

Insula, ACC

Display Rules

Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them. e.g. here in the US we would show sadness when hearing the news of the death of a loved one however in other cultures it may be the norm to express feelings of pride or happiness for a loved one lost in battle. e.g. in US we expect winners not to boast, losers not to mope, and men not to cry in public (although this last norm is changing)

Exposure to pictures of animal or human attacks provokes greater _______________ activation in men than in women which suggests a greater tendency toward aggressive action in men.

Men

Positive emotions engage the ___________________ branch of the ANS, purportedly returning the body to a more relaxed, responsive state.

Parasympathetic

What are three types of emotional responses?

Physiological changes Behavioral/expressive changes Subjective changes

Damage to ___________________ ____________can result in depression.

Pre-frontal cortex

____________ ___________ plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion.

Pre-frontal cortex

Body movements, a smile, head tilted upward, and a slightly expanded chest are characteristics of the emotion _____.

Pride

Facial feedback hypothesis

Sensory feedback from the facial musculature during expression affects emotional experience. sensory neurons from the face do innervate key emotion areas of the brain, especially the amygdala.

For emotions that are concerned with survival and protection from harm, such as fear, the ____________ branch of the ANS is activated.

Sympathetic

Subjective Experience emotion

The changes in the quality of conscious experience that occur during emotional responses. e.g. when people talk about how an emotion feels; each emotion has a unique feeling (anger is different from sadness which feels different from happiness).

James-Lange theory

The idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience. argued that without the perception of bodily changes there is no emotional experience. e.g. we experience fear as feeling different from sadness because we perceive different body changes for each emotion

Emotional Response

The physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated.

Self-conscious emotions

Types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) by society's rules pride, shame, embarassment

______________ outperform ___________ in accurately recognizing facial expressions of emotion, especially more subtle emotion expressions.

Women, men

__________talk more about emotions than ________ do.

Women, men

Can emotions turn off the drives of hunger, thirst, and sex?

Yes, form of evolutionary survival mechanism

Duchenne smile

a smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both muscles that pull up on the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye.

Facial Action Coding system (FACS)

a widely used method for measuring all the observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face.

Psychologists often use the term________ to refer to a variety of emotional phenomena including emotions, moods, and affective traits.

affect

Moods

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions.

The ________________ ____________ __________ is active when people either recall or imagine emotional experiences and also when you experience physical PAIN or pain of rejection or exclusion.

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Emotions

brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

Universal

common to all human beings and seen in cultures all over the world

People often get giggly when they are___________.

embarrassed

____________make certain emotions more likely to occur than others.

moods e.g. an irritable mood, for instance, makes people more easily angered than usual.

Appraisal step

next step in emotion process in which individual evaluates the antecedent event and determines whether it is potential harmful or beneficial as per such criteria as safety or personal goals.

Basic emotions

small set of emotions that are common to all humans; they include: anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise

Affective traits

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of particular emotional states, such as hostility (which potentiates anger) or anxiety (which potentiates fear).

Emotional Intelligence

the ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathic understanding, and the skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others.

Emotional regulation

the cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions. e.g. reappraisal- rather than seeing your next midterm as an opportunity for failure, an outlook that might create fear or anxiety, you might reappraise the exam as a challenging opportunity to prove how much you have learned, an outlook that can lead to eager anticipation

Appraisal

the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare; it drives the process by which emotions are elicited. need not be a conscious or deliberate thought process; most of the time it probably occurs automatically outside of awareness, and it may occur in an instant