Chapter 11: Nutrition

Match each type of bonding arrangement with its correct description.

cis isomer ----> H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the same side of the C=C bond. trans isomer ----> H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on opposite sides of the C=C bond.

Which of the following options correctly describe respiration? Select all that apply.

Glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water during respiration. Glucose is "burned" as fuel in the body during respiration.

Which of the following functional groups and structural characteristics are found in all amino acids? Select all that apply.

Hydrogen atom Amine A side chain designated as R Carboxylic acid

Match each agricultural practice to the impact it may have on water supply and quality.

Irrigation ----> Depletion of aquifers and rivers Use of insecticides and herbicides ----> Contamination of groundwater with toxic substances Fertilizer use ----> Increase in nutrient pollution

Where is excess glucose stored in the body? (Select all that apply.)

Muscles Liver

A dipeptide is produced when the _____ group of one amino acid reacts with the _____ group of a second amino acid. The resulting bond between the two is known as a _____ bond.

-COOH; -NH2; peptide

Trans _____ are triglycerides that are composed of one or more trans fatty acids.

fats

What concerns about sugars should be addressed when planning your daily dietary intake? (Select all that apply.)

The total amount of sugar consumed is more important than the type of sugar consumed. Too much sugar in the diet can cause health issues such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.

Triglycerides are formed in a chemical reaction between which two species?

Three fatty acids Glycerol

A _____ is a polyamide or polypeptide; that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers.

protein

Rank the following sweeteners in order of increasing sweetness, starting with the least sweet substance at the top of the list.

1. lactose 2. glucose 3. honey 4. table sugar (sucrose) 5. fructose

How many amino acid residues are in a Gly-Ala-Asp polypeptide?

3

Glycerol reacts with three molecules of fatty acids to produce _____.

triglycerides

Molecules that are made from the reaction of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule always contain three ester functional groups. These molecules are known as _____.

triglycerides

Trans fats are ______ that are made from the reaction of three trans fatty acids and a molecule of glycerol.

triglycerides or lipids

True or false: Reducing meat and dairy consumption helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

true

What type of linkage is created in the formation of a disaccharide?

C-O-C

Which of the following options correctly describe carbohydrates? Select all that apply.

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of rings of carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.

Which form of sugar is the healthiest choice in a balanced diet?

Complex polysaccharides

Minerals may be classified according to how much of them you need in your diet. Match the following elements with their appropriate classification.

Macrominerals ----> Ca, P, Cl, K, S, Na, and Mg Microminerals ----> Fe, Cu, and Zn Trace minerals ----> I, F, Se, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Mo, B, Si, and Sn

Classify each vitamin correctly according to its solubility.

Vitamin E ----> fat soluble Vitamin C ----> water soluble

Which of the following are micronutrients? Select all that apply.

Vitamins Minerals

Match each type of amino acid side chain to the principle types of interactions it exhibits both with other amino acids and with its surrounding environment.

side chains with -OH groups ----> hydrogen bonding acidic and basic side chains ----> ionic attractions nonpolar side chains ----> London dispersion forces

True or false: High doses of Vitamin A have no effect on the body because it is water soluble and excreted through sweat or urine if it is in excess.

false

The practice of tillage rotation _______. (Select all that apply.)

involves plowing the land but leaving it unplanted in alternate years increases the loss of topsoil by erosion

The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life is called ______.

metabolism

The side chains of amino acid residues in proteins are responsible for interactions between different parts of the protein and between the protein and its environment. Side chains that are _______ interact strongly with water, while ______ side chains are hydrophobic.

polar; nonpolar

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen in a _____ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of _____ containing carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.

2:1; rings

Match the structure of each monosaccharide shown in the accompanying figure with its appropriate structural designation.

A ----> β monosaccharide B ----> α monosaccharide

Which of the following options correctly describes a disaccharide?

A disaccharide is a double sugar.

Which of the following options correctly describe the two important structural features of fatty acids?

A hydrocarbon chain that is typically made of 12-24 carbon atoms A carboxylic acid group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain

Many poor neighborhoods are described as being "food deserts", meaning that the only food sources are convenience stores or fast food. This is an example of which primary issue for food security?

food access

The primary sugar in corn syrup is _____, which is converted to _____ by treatment with enzymes to obtain HFCS.

glucose; fructose

Which of the following may be legislated to ensure food safety? Select all that apply.

handling during manufacture and transport food production transportation processing by the manufacturer

Which of the following substances are sweeter than pure glucose? Select all that apply.

honey fructose table sugar

Fatty acids include a nonpolar _____ chain and a polar _____ group.

hydrocarbon; carboxylic acid

Hydrogenation of an oil _____ its degree of saturation and _____ its melting point.

increases; raises

Minerals required for proper metabolism include ______. (Select all that apply.)

iron calcium

A dipeptide ______. (Select all that apply.)

is formed when two amino acids combine contains a peptide bond

A single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom is called a _____.

monosaccharide

Foodborne illnesses may be caused by _______. Select all that apply.

parasites chemical toxins bacteria

A dipeptide is formed from two amino acids that are linked through a _____ bond, which is an example of an amide functional group.

peptide

Once incorporated into the peptide chain, the amino acids are known as amino acid _____.

residues

Which of the vitamins shown in the diagram are water-soluble? Select all that apply.

riboflavin (vitamin B2) pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

The identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the _____ of the amino acids in the peptide chain.

sequence, order, position, or arrangement

Which of the following options correctly describe monosaccharides? Select all that apply.

Monosaccharides are single sugars. A monosaccharide ring contains an oxygen atom.

Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?

The complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life

Which statements describe a fat? (Select all that apply.)

They are mostly derived from animal sources. They are solid at room temperature.

Which of the following options correctly describe how amino acids link together to make peptides? Select all that apply.

Three amino acids may combine to produce a variety of different peptides. A dipeptide with the amino acid sequence glycine-alanine is different from an dipeptide with the sequence alanine-glycine. The order of the amino acids in a peptide has important consequences for its behavior.

Which of the following options correctly describe vitamins? Select all that apply.

Vitamins are organic compounds with a wide range of physiological functions. Vitamins are essential for preventing disease. Vitamins are essential for proper metabolic functioning.

How does food production impact global water supply and quality? Select all that apply.

Water is polluted with excess nutrients such as nitrates due to fertilizer runoff. Groundwater may be contaminated by insecticides. Irrigation may deplete aquifers.

Vitamins are classed as being water- or fat-soluble. Match each of the following descriptions with its appropriate classification.

Water-soluble ----> Vitamins that contain several OH groups in the molecular structure Fat-soluble ----> Vitamins that contain almost exclusively C and H atoms in the molecular structure

The structure shown in the accompanying figure is a(n) _____.

amino acid

Which statements describe respiration? (Select all that apply.)

The process occurs in all living organisms. The process converts glucose to CO2 and H2O. The process releases energy.

A _____ is a compound formed from two amino acids.

dipeptide

A _____ is formed by joining two monosaccharide units together.

disaccharide

Triglycerides always contain three _____ functional groups.

ester

Which of the following foods are rich sources of linoleic and linolenic acids? Select all that apply.

fish plant oils leafy vegetables

_____ are organic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. They are essential for good health, proper metabolic functioning, and preventing disease.

vitamins

The monosaccharide shown is the _____ form.

β

Which of the following options correctly describe high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)? Select all that apply.

A typical blend of high-fructose corn syrup is about 55% fructose and 45% glucose. High-fructose corn syrup is obtained by treating corn syrup with enzymes.

Which of the following options correctly describe the structural characteristics that affect the solubility of vitamins? Select all that apply.

A vitamin that is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms will be lipid-soluble. Nonpolar vitamins are lipid-soluble. A vitamin containing many -OH groups will be more soluble in water than in lipids.

What are the three primary issues for food security, according to the World Health Organization?

Availability of sufficient food on a consistent basis Access to sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods Appropriate use of food based on knowledge of nutrition and sanitation

Which system of land management for planting crops is considered the most favorable for productivity and soil quality in modern farming?.

Crop rotation with different types of crop each year

Which vitamins are lipid-soluble? Select all that apply.

D K A E

Which of the following options correctly describes how excess glucose is dealt with in the human body?

Excess glucose is polymerized to glycogen with the help of insulin and stored in our muscles and liver.

Which of the following options correctly describe oils and fats? Select all that apply.

Many oils are of plant origin. Oils and fats have similar chemical structures. Most oils are liquids at room temperature.

Which of the following options correctly describe micronutrients? Select all that apply.

Micronutrients are substances that are required in miniscule amounts. Vitamins are micronutrients. Micronutrients are substances that are essential to life.

Which of the following options correctly describe the hydrogenation of C=C double bonds in fatty acids? Select all that apply.

One or more C=C double bonds are converted into C-C single bonds. Hydrogenation occurs in the presence of a metallic catalyst.

Which of the following options correctly describe proteins? Select all that apply.

Proteins are polymers. Proteins are constructed from amino acid monomers. Proteins are polyamides.

Which of the following are ways to lower your food carbon footprint? Select all that apply.

Recycle food packaging. Eat everything that you buy. Eat foods that are in season.

Lipids include _______. Select all that apply.

Steroids Oils Triglycerides Fats

Which of the following options correctly describe the formation of a disaccharide? Select all that apply.

The formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharide units is a condensation reaction. A C-O-C linkage is created when the two monosaccharides are joined together.

Ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions are called ______.

minerals

Our bodies can synthesize almost all fatty acids from the foods we eat. The exceptions are _____ and _____ acids.

linoleic; linolenic

Triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids are classified as _______.

lipids

Minerals may be classified according to how much of them you need in your diet. Minerals are classified as either _____, micro, or _____.

macro; trace

In most natural fatty acids the hydrogen atoms attached to the two carbons of the C=C double bond are on _____ side(s). This bonding arrangement is called _____.

the same; cis