Chapter 11 physio Exam3 UPDATED

Motor end plate

A folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A.) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. B.) Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. C.) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division. D.) It is dominant during "resting and digesting." E.) All of the statements apply.

A.) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs.

Why is the parasympathetic nervous system also called the cranio-sacral division? A.) Its nerves arise in the head and sacrum. B.) It controls organs found in the head and lower part of the body. C.) It is an artifact of the original anatomist's naming errors. D.) The regulatory signals governing the parasympathetic nervous system originate in the head and pelvis.

A.) Its nerves arise in the head and sacrum.

This is released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

A.) acetylcholine

Somatic motor neurons secrete the neurotransmitter ________ onto ________ receptors at the target tissue. A.) acetylcholine; nicotinic B.) norepinephrine; nicotinic C.) acetylcholine; muscarinic D.) norepinephrine; adrenergic

A.) acetylcholine; nicotinic

The division of the efferent nervous system that controls smooth and cardiac muscles and many glands is the ________ division. A.) autonomic B.) sympathetic C.) somatic D.) parasympathetic

A.) autonomic

The two types of cholinergic receptors are A.) nicotinic and muscarinic. B.) beta and adrenergic. C.) nicotinic and adrenergic. D.) alpha and beta.

A.) nicotinic and muscarinic.

What type of acetylcholine receptor is present in the postganglionic neurons and on the target tissue in autonomic pathways? A.) nicotinic on the postganglionic neurons and muscarinic on the target tissue B.) nicotinic on the target tissue and adrenergic on the postganglionic neuron C.) muscarinic on the postganglionic neuron and adrenergic on the target tissue D.) nicotinic on the target tissue and muscarinic on the postganglionic neuron

A.) nicotinic on the postganglionic neurons and muscarinic on the target tissue

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS. A.) parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions B.) parasympathetic autonomic ganglia C.) sympathetic autonomic ganglia D.) sympathetic neuroeffector junctions

A.) parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions

Decreased activity in digestive tract is a response to a _______________. A.) sympathetic agonist B.) parasympathetic agonist

A.) sympathetic agonist

Pupil dilation is a response to a _______________. A.) sympathetic agonist B.) parasympathetic agonist

A.) sympathetic agonist

Blocked secretion of adrenal catecholamines is a response to a _______________. A.) sympathetic antagonist B.) parasympathetic antagonist

A.) sympathetic antagonist

It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight). A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

A.) true only for the sympathetic division

It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

A.) true only for the sympathetic division

The adrenal medulla is closely allied with this system. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

A.) true only for the sympathetic division

Neuroeffector junction of somatic motor division

ACh w/ nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR)

Which of the following is a similarity between the somatic motor and autonomic pathways?

Acetylcholine is secreted from the neuron that originates in the CNS.

the craniosacral division typically uses which NT/receptor at the neuroeffector junction?

Ach w/ muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR)

what is the exception for the NT/receptor used at the neuroeffector junction for the thoracolumbar division

Ach w/ muscarinic cholinergic receptors at sweat glands (mAChR)

in both the thoracolumbar and craniosacral divisions, the 1st synapse utilizes what NT/receptor?

Ach w/ nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR)

Neurons that secrete norepinephrine

Adrenergic neurons

Alpha and beta receptors

Adrenergic receptors, found on autonomic targets

What stimulates ACh release into the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction?

An action potential opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the axon terminal.

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1. blood pressure 2. heart rate 3. water balance 4. temperature regulation A.) 1 and 3 B.) 1, 2, 3, 4 C.) 1 and 2 D.) 1, 2, 3 E.) 2, 3, 4

B.) 1, 2, 3, 4

What is the trigger for ACh release into the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction? A.) Stimulation of the presynaptic membrane releases ACh via a cAMP second messenger system. B.) An action potential at the axon terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. C.) Contraction of nearby muscle cells stimulates the release of ACh from surrounding neurons of the same motor unit. D.) Acetylcholinesterase opens vesicles, allowing ACh to diffuse into the cleft.

B.) An action potential at the axon terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

The motor end plate is A.) the same as the neuromuscular junction. B.) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold. C.) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. D.) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position. E.) the same as the synaptic cleft.

B.) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.

Neurons in the parasympathetic pathway use which of the following neurotransmitters? A.) acetylcholine (preganglionic) and norepinephrine (postganglionic) B.) acetylcholine C.) norepinephrine D.) norepinephrine (preganglionic) and acetylcholine (postganglionic)

B.) acetylcholine

Which of the following is the type of adrenergic receptor found in most sympathetic target tissues? A.) beta 2 B.) alpha 1 C.) beta 1 D.) alpha 2

B.) alpha 1

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are A.) nicotinic and muscarinic. B.) alpha and beta. C.) beta and cholinergic. D.) nicotinic and cholinergic.

B.) alpha and beta.

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division. A.) somatic and sensory B.) autonomic C.) somatic and autonomic D.) somatic E.) sensory

B.) autonomic

"Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving A.) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. B.) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. C.) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. D.) two nerves from the spinal cord. E.) None of the answers are correct.

B.) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because A.) it is a source of catecholamines. B.) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. C.) it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood. D.) it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion. E.) it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.

B.) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

The two main types of acetylcholine receptor are known as A.) alpha and beta. B.) nicotinic and muscarinic. C.) cholinergic and adrenergic. D.) sympathetic and parasympathetic.

B.) nicotinic and muscarinic.

The primary sympathetic neurotransmitter is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

B.) norepinephrine

Salivation is a response to a ___________________. A.) sympathetic agonist B.) parasympathetic agonist

B.) parasympathetic agonist

Blocked secretion of pancreatic enzymes is a response to a _________________. A.) sympathetic antagonist B.) parasympathetic antagonist

B.) parasympathetic antagonist

Blocked urination is a response to a _____________. A.) sympathetic antagonist B.) parasympathetic antagonist

B.) parasympathetic antagonist

The target tissue(s) of somatic motor neurons is/are ________. A.) cardiac and smooth muscles B.) skeletal muscle C.) skeletal and cardiac muscles D.) skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

B.) skeletal muscle

The motor neurons primarily associated with the fight-or-flight response are the _____ neurons. A.) skeletal B.) sympathetic C.) somatic D.) parasympathetic

B.) sympathetic

It dominates during resting-and-digesting activities. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

B.) true only for the parasympathetic division

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by neurons at the neuroeffector synapse. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

B.) true only for the parasympathetic division

How many molecules of ACh are necessary to completely activate the cholinergic nicotinic receptor? A.) one B.) two C.) three D.) four

B.) two

equal response to NE & E

Beta 1 receptor

Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system? 1. cerebrum 2. cerebellum 3. hypothalamus 4. pons 5. medulla 6. thalamus A.) 1, 3, 5 B.) 2, 3, 4, 5 C.) 1, 3, 4, 5 D.) 1, 2, 3, 5 E.) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

C.) 1, 3, 4, 5

What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on the postsynaptic muscle cell? A.) Ca2+ would leak out of the cell as Na+ flowed into the cell. B.) Ca2+ would flow into the cell as Na+ flowed out of the cell. C.) Na+ would flow into the cell and K+ would flow out of the cell. D.) Only Na+ would flow into the cell.

C.) Na+ would flow into the cell and K+ would flow out of the cell.

How do the synapses of the autonomic nervous system differ from a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)? A.) There is no effective way of blocking (antagonizing) the effects of the autonomic nervous system, but blocking the somatic motor system is relatively easy. B.) The neurotransmitters used are very different between the two systems. C.) Neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated on the postsynaptic membrane in the NMJ but diffusely arranged across the tissue in a varicosity. D.) Synapses of the somatic motor system receive input from the brain, whereas the autonomic nervous system signaling originates in the spinal cord.

C.) Neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated on the postsynaptic membrane in the NMJ but diffusely arranged across the tissue in a varicosity.

The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are divergent, meaning that a single stimulus can have an effect on a large number of targets. In other words, when the SNS is activated, all of the organs it innervates are stimulated. This does not occur in the parasympathetic system. Why? A.) The parasympathetic system innervates too many organs to allow this to occur. B.) The SNS uses norepinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors. These are better at spreading signals than nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. C.) The sympathetic ganglia spreads the stimulus to all postganglionic sympathetic neurons. D.) The SNS response is related to immediate survival. Therefore, the signal needs to be more widely spread than the PNS signal.

C.) The sympathetic ganglia spreads the stimulus to all postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS. A.) central nervous system B.) neuroeffector junctions C.) autonomic ganglia D.) varicosities

C.) autonomic ganglia

The target receptor for preganglionic neurons is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor

These neurons secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine onto their targets: A.) all types of motor neurons. B.) sympathetic and parasympathetic motor. C.) somatic motor and parasympathetic motor. D.) sympathetic and somatic motor.

C.) somatic motor and parasympathetic motor.

The diameter of blood vessels varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________. A.) sympathetic and parasympathetic; decrease or increase, respectively B.) sympathetic and parasympathetic; increase or decrease, respectively C.) sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present D.) autonomic; either increase or decrease, depending upon whether the innervation is sympathetic or parasympathetic

C.) sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present

On average, one preganglionic neuron synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons, each innervating a different target. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

C.) true for both divisions

The neural pathway from the spinal cord to the target tissue has two neurons, the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron. A.) true only for the sympathetic division B.) true only for the parasympathetic division C.) true for both divisions

C.) true for both divisions

Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest sensitivity for epinephrine? A.) α1 B.) β1 C.) β2 D.) β3

C.) β2

Neurons that secrete acetylcholine

Cholinergic neurons

Muscarinic receptors

Cholinergic receptors, found on autonomic targets

Nicotinic receptors

Cholinergic receptors, found on skeletal muscle

Sometimes the effects of sympathetic stimulation can be contradictory in the same types of tissue. For example, in the arterioles of the GI tract, sympathetic stimulation causes constriction while arterioles of skeletal muscle can dilate in response to sympathetic stimulation. What mechanism explains these opposite effects? A.) Different neurotransmitters binding to the same receptors B.) The effect will reflect the "needs" of the tissue at the time. C.) Two different types of sympathetic neurons carry signals to tissues. The nature of the effect is due to the type of neuron used. D.) Different receptors for the same neurotransmitter

D.) Different receptors for the same neurotransmitter

What is the main enzyme responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines? A.) Adrenergase B.) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) C.) Protein kinase A D.) Monoamine oxidase

D.) Monoamine oxidase

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why? A.) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons. B.) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons. C.) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. D.) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues. E.) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.

D.) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues.

The sympathetic tissue receptor is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

D.) adrenergic receptor

What is an appropriate classification for the ACh receptor found in the neuromuscular junction? A.) voltage-gated, nonspecific, cation channel B.) voltage-gated Na+ channel C.) ligand-gated Na+ channel D.) ligand-gated, nonspecific, cation channel

D.) ligand-gated, nonspecific, cation channel

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle causes which of the following? A.) muscle contraction or extension, depending on the type of receptor B.) muscle contraction or relaxation, depending on innervation by either sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons C.) muscle contraction or relaxation, depending on the type of receptor D.) muscle contraction

D.) muscle contraction

Which type of receptor is found in the neuromuscular junction? A.) adrenergic B.) dopaminergic C.) muscarinic D.) nicotinic

D.) nicotinic

Which nervous system division has parasympathetic and sympathetic branches? A.) the somatic division of the efferent nervous system B.) the visceral division of the afferent nervous system C.) the involuntary division of the afferent nervous system D.) the autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

D.) the autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

The parasympathetic tissue receptor is A.) acetylcholine B.) norepinephrine C.) cholinergic nicotinic receptor D.) adrenergic receptor E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

E.) cholinergic muscarinic receptor

In what organelle is most intracellular calcium stored?

Endoplasmic reticulum

What is acetylcholinesterase

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Somatic motor pathways

Excitatory, composed of a single neuron, synapse with skeletal muscle

behavior responses are found where

Limbic system & cerebral cortex

Enzyme responsible for catecholamine degradation

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

alpha adrenergic have a strong response to

NE

the thoracolumbar division typically uses which NT/receptor at the neuroeffector junction?

NE and E w/ Alpha- and Beta-adrenergic receptors

Which type of receptor is found in the neuromuscular junction?

Nicotinic

Chromaffin (or anything post-ganglionic)

Nicotinic ACh receptors

basic function of somatic motor division

Skeletal muscle movement

what is a varicosity in the autonomic nervous system?

a series of swollen ends of neurons where neurotransmitter is released

Neurons in the parasympathetic pathway use which of the following neurotransmitters?

acetylchoine

In the autonomic nervous system, neurotransmitter activation of its receptor terminates when the neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes or when it diffuses away. Which other mechanism leads to termination of neurotransmitter activity?

active transport into surrounding cells?

which of the following is a modified sympathetic ganglion?

adrenal medulla

ACh w/ nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR)

adrenal medulla of thoracolumbar

which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

airway constriction

more likely to get an NE response

alpha receptors

The division of the efferent nervous system that controls smooth and cardiac muscles and many glands is the ________ division.

autonomic

which nervous system division has parasympathetic and sympathetic branches?

autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

Generally have divergence in the autonomic ganglion Multiple target cells Multiple effects which pathway is this

autonomic pathway

Preganglionic neuron → autonomic ganglion → postganglionic neuron→ target what is this pathway

autonomic pathway

which pathways consists of 2 neurons that synapse in an autonomic ganglion

autonomic pathways of the PNS

Somatosensory receptors, visceral receptors Exteroceptors, interoceptors all involved in which type of reflex

autonomic reflex

The diameter of bronchioles varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________.

autonomic, constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control

Effector cells innervated by sympathetic system

beta 1 receptors

can be found at heart - influences heart rate and contractility

beta 1 receptors

gets immediate response and longer response compared to b2

beta 1 receptors

stronger response to E

beta 2 receptor

Effector cells not innervated by sympathetic system Responds to E from adrenal medulla (neurosecretory tissue - neurohormone)

beta 2 receptors

can be found in blood vessels and smooth muscles

beta 2 receptors

stronger response to NE

beta 3 receptor

Effector cells: adipose tissue Innervated by sympathetic system

beta 3 receptors

A patient is prescribed a drug that increases neurotransmitter active transport in a synapse. What effect will this have?

decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

sympathetic neurons stimulate vasoconstriction in the GI tract, while sympathetic neurons stimulate vasodilation in arterioles supplying skeletal muscles. Which mechanism explains these opposite effects?

different receptors for the same neurotransmitter

alpha adrenergic have a weaker response to

epinephrine

osmoreceptors, thermoreceptors, responses to hunger found where?

hypothalamus

Modulation of neurotransmitter release or removal is what type of effect

indirect effect

one axon terminal in the somatic motor division can synapse with

many cells

heart rate center, breathing center, blood pressure found where?

medulla and pons

which is the main enzyme responsible for the break down of catecholamines?

monoamine oxidase

all parasympathetic responses are mediated by ______

muscarinic receptors

No specific postsynaptic density

neuroeffector junctions

Epinephrine is a ________ in the thoracolumbar division pathway

neurohormone

which of the following characteristics is similar between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches for most neurons?

neurotransmitter is secreted from the preganglionic neuron

which type of acetylcholine receptor is present on postganglionic neurons, and which type is present on the target tissues in autonomic pathway

nicotinic on the postganglionic neurons and muscarinic on the target tissues

how many neurons are in a somatic motor division pathway

one

craniosacral division is another name for

parasympathetic division

Primary regions of control: head, neck, & visceral organs which pathway?

parasympathetic pathway

LONG PRE ganglionic fiber SHORT POSTganglionic fiber to (or within) effector

parasympathetic pathways

Vagus nerve (CN X) 75% of pathway

parasympathetic pathways

an example of antagonistic control

parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction, while sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation

a patient is prescribe a muscarinic antagonist. this will inhibit signaling from which neurons?

postganglionic parasympathetic

Cell body in brain or in ventral horn

somatic motor division

No brain integration required for which type of reflex

spinal reflex

Branches of autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Thoracolumbar division is another name for

sympathetic division

which division has SHORT PREganglionic fiber & LONG POSTganglionic fiber

sympathetic pathways

A patient with asthma is prescribed a β2 ceptor agonist to stimulate bronchodilation. This drug will stimulate effects similar to ligands secreted from _____.

the adrenal medulla

a patient was exposed to a nerve gas during a chemical warfare attack. the nerve gas inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. What will happen to the amount of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, and how can this be treated?

the amount of acetylcholine will increase; treat with a cholinergic receptor antagonist

postganglionic cells of the thoracolumbar division are found where?

the medulla

sympathetic pathways originate in which regions of the spinal cord?

thoracic and lumbar

Multiple along axon Produce neurotransmitter Action can be modulated

varicosities

act as axon terminals all the way down the axon and they all contain neurotransmitters, and mitochondria

varicosities

somatic neuromuscular junctions are in what type of movement

voluntary skeletal movement

which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest sensitivity for epinephrine?

β2