chapter 11 psych.

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

an external locus of control

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

become neurotic strategies

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.

beliefs and expectations

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?

climate of sexual repression

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

collective unconscious

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconscious

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

ectomorph

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.

extrovert

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?

generativity vs. stagnation

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

humanism

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

introvert

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

persona

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B. F. Skinner

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five Factor Model

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck