Chapter 11: Self Identity and Personality

generativity.

Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of:

optimism

Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.

Psychoanalytic theories Social cognitive theory

Which of the following are among the major personality theories? (Select all that apply)

Height Hair color

Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? (Select all that apply)

Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned. Talking about internal states can help young children understand them.

Which of the following are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Select all that apply)

Self-understanding underpins the development of identity.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-understanding and identity development?

The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.

Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?

self-help

Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?

Personality

characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.

esteem concept

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- (concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- (concept/esteem).

less

A common finding is that the (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.

genetic profile.

A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:

identity

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the identity-versus--confusion stage of development. Listen to the complete question

When they believe they have done nothing for the next generation

According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?

generativity.

According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward:

must be made again and again

According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.

is accomplished in bits and pieces.

According to contemporary identity theory, identity development:

more

According to new research findings, young children are , (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.

overstated

According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:

psychological traits.

At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using:

4-5 years

At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?

self-recognition

Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing

4 years

By what age do young children realize that others may lie or exaggerate to get what they want or to avoid trouble?

They cannot tell the difference in an ideal self and a real self. They have difficulty differentiating their desired and actual competence. They rarely engage in social comparison at this point.

Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

self-understanding.

Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their:

more psychologically aware of themselves and others.

Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:

self-regulation.

Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:

optimism

Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:

personal investment in identity

How is commitment defined by Marcia?

Self-assertion Separateness

Individuality consists of which two of the following dimensions?

stagnation.

Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of:

Self-assertion matches Choice, the ability to have and communicate a point of view the ability to have and communicate a point of view Separateness matches Choice, the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others Mutuality matches Choice, sensitivity and respect for others' views sensitivity and respect for others' views Permeability matches Choice, openness to others' view openness to others' view

Match the dimensions of individuality and connectedness to their appropriate characteristic. Instructions

exploration

Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives

develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors.

Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will:

identity

Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:

regulation

Self- gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' help.

concept

Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

verbally

Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.

Mediating factors The life-stage context The individual's adaptation to the life event

The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following? (Select all that apply)

understanding

The developmental concept of self- is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.

personality

The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:

self-esteem

The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called

Connectedness Individuality

The promotion of which two of the following in a family atmosphere are important for an adolescent's identity development?

Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies.

Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well-established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?

True

True or false: Young children use many material characteristics (size, shape, and color) to distinguish themselves from others.

Perspective taking

What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?

Identity versus identity confusion

What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?

Cognitive inhibition Cognitive flexibility

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?

4-year-old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses

Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?

Self

Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?