Chapter 11: Water and Solutions
Why is salt spread on roads during a snowstorm?
Salt lowers the freezing point of water, making driving conditions safer.
True or false: No bonds within water molecules are broken during boiling.
True
A substance with a pH value of 13 is _____
a strong base
A(n) ______ is defined as any substance that is a proton donor when dissolved in water.
acid
Rank the following substances from highest pH at the top and lowest pH at the bottom.
ammonia; milk; vinegar
A hydronium ion is basically a molecule of water with ______.
an attached hydrogen ion
A(n) ________ solution is a solution of a solid, a liquid, or a gas in water.
aqueous
A solute that increases the hydroxide ion concentration of water is a(n) _____.
base
What is not a common type of U.S. drinking water pollution?
carbon monoxide
What are common types of U.S. drinking water pollution?
chlorinated solvents; viruses; PCBs; lead
The relative amounts of solute and solvent are described by the ______ of a solution.
concentration
Gas solubility _______ with temperature and ______ with pressure.
decreases; increases
Salinity is a measure of ______.
dissolved salts in seawater
baking soda
fire extinguisher, antacid, deodorizer
Miscible fluids are _____.
fluids that can mix in any proportion without separating into phases
The stings of a bee or wasp and some plants contain _____.
formic acid
Acidic solutions have H3O+ concentrations ____ 1 x 10^-7 mole/L, neutral solutions have H3O+ concentrations _____ 1 x 10^-7 mole/L, and basic solutions have H3O+ concentrations ____ 1 x 10^-7.
greater than; equal to; less than
A water solution with calcium or magnesium ions is said to be _____ water.
hard
Which of the following are the result of ice forming the hexagonal structure pictured?
ice is less dense than water; snowflakes have six sides
What correctly describes the density of water?
ice is less dense than water; the density of water increases from 0 degrees C to 4 degrees C
When solid sodium chloride and water are mixed together, the negative ends of the water molecules become oriented toward the positive sodium ions on the crystal. This demonstrates the _____ force.
ion-polar molecule
Pure hydrogen chloride does not conduct electricity, but when it is dissolved in water it does. This demonstrates that the hydrogen chloride has become ______.
ionized
The number of _____ at the surface of a solution increases the boiling point.
ions; solute particles
The general rule for forming solutions is like dissolves ______.
like
The strips of paper change color when in the presence of an acid or base. This acid-base indicator paper is called _____.
litmus
A good example of an acid-base indicator is _____.
litmus, a vegetable dye applied to paper strips
alum
medicine, canning
What is equal to the moles of solute divided by liters of solution?
molarity
The ______ boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the average atmospheric pressure at sea level.
normal
A(n) _____ scale measures the concentration of hydronium ions in an acidic or basic solution.
pH
A pesticide contaminant in water could be measured using a concentration ratio such as _____.
parts per billion; parts per million
Water is a _____ molecule, meaning it has a positive and negative end.
polar
Acid _____ is a general term used to describe any acidic substance, wet or dry, that falls from the atmosphere.
rain
Freezing occurs when the kinetic energy of molecules has been ______ sufficiently so the molecules can form the crystal structure of the solid.
reduced
A(n) ______ is defined as any ionic compound except those with hydroxide or oxide ions.
salt
What are aqueous solutions?
salt dissolved in the ocean; sugar dissolved in hot tea
The hardness of water is determined by the amount of ______ it contains, while the pH is important in many environmental aspects.
salts
Hardness caused by magnesium or calcium bicarbonates.
simply heat the water
A water softener unit works by exchanging _____ as the water runs through it.
sodium ions for the calcium and magnesium ions
As a result of water having greater density when in a liquid phase versus a solid phase ____.
solid ice floats on the surface of liquid water, insulating the water below so aquatic organisms can survive the winter
The ____ of a solute is defined as the concentration that is reached in a saturated solution at a particular temperature.
solubility
Dissolving is the process of making a ______
solution
Salts are produced when _____.
some neutralization reactions occur with a mixture of an acid and a base; an acid reacts with a metal
What is the source of water used in homes?
streams; surface reservoirs, pumped groundwater; lakes
nitric acid
strong acid
sodium hydroxide or lye
strong base
If hydrochloric acid is mixed with an ammonia solution, ______.
the hydronium ions react with the hydroxide ions; both the acid and base properties disappear and water is produced
If hydrochloric acid is mixed with an ammonia solution, _______.
the hydronium ions react with the hydroxide ions; both the acid and base properties disappear and water is produced
When a solution becomes saturated, _______.
the limit is reached as to the amount of dissolved solute that can be in a dissolved state in the solution; a state of equilibrium exists between dissolving solute and solute coming out of solution
Because water has the ability to dissolve most molecules, it is referred to as the ______
universal solvent
Hardness caused by magnesium or calcium sulfate.
use sodium carbonate, trisodium phosphate, or borax
What are some insoluble substances?
water and oil
What correctly identifies unusual properties of water?
water has a high specific heat; water has a high latent heat of vaporization
borax
water softener
vinegar
weak acid
ammonia
weak base
The normal freezing point of water is ______ degrees Celsius and _____ degrees Fahrenheit, and the normal boiling point of water is _____ degrees Celsius and ______ degrees Fahrenheit.
0; 32; 100; 212
Percent by volume is defined as the volume of solute in ______ volumes of solution, and percent by weight is defined as the weight of solute in ______ weight units of solution.
100; 100
______ have a sour taste and react with metals such as magnesium or zinc.
Acids
Why is the freezing point of seawater variable?
As seawater freezes, the salinity of the water increases, and the freezing point drops.
______ number is 6.02 x 10^23
Avogadro's
_______ bonding is a strong bond that occurs between the hydrogen end of a molecule and the fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen end of similar molecules.
Hydrogen
______ the OH concentration _____ the H3O+ concentration of a substance, so the strength of a base or acid can be indicated on the same scale.
Increasing; decreases
