chapter 11

rank the food sources in order of increasing ecological cost of production

chicken, pork, and beef

processed foods

frozen french fries, smoked bacon, apple sauce

fatty acids include a non polar ______ chain and a polar _______ group.

hydrocarbon, carboxylic acid

the basic four, food pyramide, MyPyramid, and MyPlate

1958 model, ranked in order of serving size, six different food groups placed at the bottom of a pyramid, a more straightforward representation

describe micronutrients

substances that are required in miniscule amounts, substances that are essential to life, vitamins are micronutrients

triglycerides are formed in a chemical reaction between which two species?

three fatty acids, glycerol

cis isomer - H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the same side of the C=C bond

trans isomer - H atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on opposite sides of the C=C bond

a dipeptide is produced when the ______ group of one amino acid reacts with the _____ group of a second amino acid. The resulting bond between the two is known as a _______ bond

-COOH, -NH2, peptide

a form - the OH group on carbon number 1 is on the opposite side of the ring from the -CH2OH group attached to carbon 5

B form - the OH group on carbon number 1 is on the same side of the ring as the -CH2OH group attached to carbon 5

vitamins are lipid soluble

E, A, K, and D

which of the following options correctly relate points of fatty acids to their molecular structure

saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids containing the same number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, increasing the number of C atoms in the hydrocarbon chain raises the melting point

triglycerides always contain three ______ functional groups

ester. A - cls isomer, trans B

lipids are a class of compund that include which of the following

fatss, triglycerides, steroids, and oils

which of the following options correctly describe the relationship between the degree of unsaturation of an oil and its shelf life

increasing the degree of saturation of an oil improves its shelf life, C=C onds are most susceptible to reaction with oxygen in the air than the C-C single bonds

a process where two fatty acids on two or more trigylcerides are scrambled to produce a set of new triglycerides is known as

interesterification

triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids are classified

lipids

which of the following are environmental impacts of growing crops and grazing livestock

loss of forests, erosion of topsoil, loss of biodiversity

describe the mineral calcium

Ca is required for blood clotting, Ca is a major constituent of bones and teeth, and Ca is required for the transmission of nerve impulses

the primary sugar in corn syrup is ______, which is converted to ______ by treatment with enzymes to obtain HFCS.

glucose, fructose

starch contains glucose units - with alpha linkages between them, cellulose contains glucose units - with beta linkages between them

humans can digest - starch humans cannot digest - cellulose

which of the following reasons do manufacturers use to justify adding sugar to many different types of processed foods

improve taste, texture, shelf life

which represents costs to society association with the Green Revolution of food production

increased water and energy use, contamination pesticides, and unwanted plant growth from over-fertilization

hydrogenation of an oil _____ its degree of saturation and _______ its melting point

increases, raises

ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of psysiological functions are called

minerals

which are micronutrients

minerals, vitamins

a single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbin atoms and one oxygen atom is called a

monosaccharide

a single sugar containing a single ring consisting of four or five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom is called

monosaccharide

saturated - contains only single bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

monounsaturated - contains one C=C bond in the hydrocarbon chain

correctly describe the mineral iodine

most of the body's iodine is incorporated into the hormone thyroxine, iodine is a trace mineral, and most of the body's iodine is found in the thyroid gland

fats - solid at room temp, mostly derived from animal sources

oils- mostly derived from plant sources, liquid at room temperature

trans fats are formed during _____ hydrogeneration of natural oils

partial

a dipeptide is formed from two amino acids that are linked through a ______ bond, which is an example of an amide functional group

peptide

respiration - converts glucose to CO2 and H2O, releases energy, occurs in all living organisms

photosynthesis - converts CO2 and H2O to glucose, absorbs energy, and occurs in green plants only

condensation polymers made up of thousands of monosaccharide units are called

polysaccaraides

foods that have been altered from their natural state by processes such as cooking, freezing, or the addition of chemicals is called

processed

a ______ is a polyamide or polypeptide; that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers

protein

correctly describe proteins

proteins are polyamides, proteins are polymers, proteins are constructed from amino acid monomers

describe the functions of proteins in the human body

proteins are the main component of hair, many hormones are proteins, proteins are a major componts of muscle

once incorporated into the peptide chain, the amino acids are known as amino acid _______

residues

structure of starch and cellulose

starch and cellulose are both constructed from glucose units, thestructures of cellulose and starch differ in the orientations of the starch (alpha) and b (cellulose) linkages of the glucose units

which of the following options describe locally grown food

supporting local provides supports responsible land development, a dollar spent locally generates twice as much income for the local economy, and locally grown produce is fresher and tastes better

correcytly descibe the structural make-up of triglycerides

the 3 fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may all be different, the 3 fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated

which the following options correctly describe the effects of excess aspartame on individuals with phenylketonuria

the accumulation of pyruvic acid may to severe mental retardation, excess phenylalanie is converted into pyruvic acid

correctly describe the release of energy in the body

the conversion of foods into CO2, H2O, and energy involves enzymes, conversion of foods into CO2, H2O and energy involves hormones, and the conversion of foods into CO2, H2O, and energy occurs over many steps

why can't humans eat grass

the human digestive system is unable to break down the B linkages that characterize cellulose

BMR is defined as

the minimum amount of energy required daily to support basic body functions

what factors have allowed us to increase the world food supply to meet the demands of 85% of our increasing population

the planting of more land, increase crop yields

artificial sweetener composed of aspartic acid and phenylananine is called

aspartame

place the following sweeteners in order of increasing sweetness, starting with least sweet at top

aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose

compounds that work in conjunction with enzymes to enhance their activity are called ______

coenzymes

polyunsaturated

contains two or more C=C bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

the green revolution has seen crop yields per acre more than double on the decades following in the 1940's. Which of the following are the main factors that have allowed for this increase in crop yield

development of high-yeilding strains of grain, use of pesticides, mechanization, use of fertilizers

aspartme

dipeptide, artificial sweetner

monosaccharide - a single sugar

disaccharide - a double sugar

correctly relate food production and gereenhouse gas emissions

eating an all-vegetarian diet just 1 day a week saves the equivalent in greenhouse gases of driving about 1200 miles each year, the production of meat results in larger greenhouse gas emission than the production of vegatables

which of the following options correctly describe how excess glucose is dealt with in the human body

excess glucose is polymerized to glycogen with the help of insulin and stored in our muscles and liver

water-soluble - vitamins that contain several OH groups in the molecular structure

fat-soluble - vitamins that contain almost exclusively C and H atoms in the molecular structure

correctly describe fats, carbohydrates, and proteins as fuels for the body

fats contain approximatly 2.5 times as much energy as carbohydrates on a per gram basis, proteins and carbohydrates can provide approx the same amount of energy per gram, monosaccharides are more oxygenated than fatty acids

a fatty acid has ______ oxygen atoms per molecule than a sugar containing the same number of carbon atoms and will therefore release ______ energy when converted to CO2 and H2O during respiration

fewer, more

foods rich in sources of linoleic and linolenic acids?

fish, plant oils, and leafy vegetables

vitamin E - fat soluble

vitamin C - water soluble

vitamin A - blurred vision and liver damage

vitamin D - heart and kidney damage

tryptophan deficiency - pellagra, a condition characterized by diharrea, dermatitis, dermatitis, death

vitamin c deficiency - scurvy

an organic compound that has a wide range of physiological functions. They are essential for good health, proper metabolic functioning, and preventing disease.

vitamins

which correctly describes the levels and the roles of the minerals K+ and Na+ in the body

within a cell the concentration of K+ is greater than that of Na+, K+ and Na+ are important for the rhythmic beating of the heart, and K+ and Na_+ have similar chemical properties and physiological functions

options correctly describes the formation of a disaccharide

a C-O-C linkage is created when the two monosaccharides are joined together, the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharide units is a condensation reaction

which describes a disaccharide?

a disaccharide is a double sugar

which of the factors given below will affect the amount of calories requires in a person's diet

body size, gender, amount of physical activity, age

correctly describe carbohydrates

carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. carbohydrate molecules are usually built of rings of carbon atoms and oxygen atom

minerals are ions or ionic compunds that have a wide range of psysiological functions. The metals exist in the body as _____ and nonmetals typically are present as _____.

cations, anions

essential amino acids

isoleucine, histidine, leucine, and lysine

rank the following sweeteners in order of increasing sweetness, starting with the lease sweet at the top

lactose, glucose, honey, table sugar (sucrose), and fructose

minerals may be classified according to how much of them you need in your diet. Minerals are classified as either ______ , micro, or ______.

macro, trace

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are all considered to be _______ because these substances supply both the energy and most of the raw material necessary for body repair and synthesis

macronutrients BAC-SMP

a complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life is called

metabolism

macro minerals - Ca, P, Cl, K, S, Na, and Mg

micro minerals - Fe, Cu, and Zn trace minerals- I, F, Se, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Mo, Si, and Sn

reflect the discoveries relating fat consumption to heart disease?

the risk of heart disease is strongly influenced by the type of dietary fat consumed, eating unsaturated fat decreases the risk of heart disease, and the total fat intake alone is not associated with the heart disease risk

describe protein complementarity

the total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids for protein synthesis, protein complementarity is a process that involves combining foods that complement essential amino acid content

process of interesterification

the use of an enzyme for interesterification may reduce the BOD of the aqueous waste streams produced when using other castalysts, and interesterification may be carried out using a base as a catylist

environmenta issues that are of concern when growing corn

the use of fertilizers produces runoff that has the potential to pollute rivers and streams, including those far downstream, and nitrogen-and phosphous-rich waters that reach the ocean may cause algae blooms, killing aquatic life

describe the proteins cis an trans fatty acids?

trans fatty acids tend to be solids at room temp, trans fatty acids are similar in shape to saturated fatty acids and behave in a similar manner in the body

trans fats are _____ that are made from the reaction of three trans fatty acids and a molecule of glycerol

triglycerides

the identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the arrangement of the amino acids in the peptide chain

true

malnutrition - caused by a diet lacking in proper nutrients

undernourishment - caused by the consumption of insufficient calories to meet metabolic need