Chapter 12

in this diagram, which of these types of channels contribute to more potassium diffusing down their concentration gradient compared to sodium?

a

the cell body of what neuron(s) in this diagram is/are found in gray matter of the spinal cord?

a

which diagram represents the type of circuit commonly used to send sensory signals to multiple areas of the brain?

a

which of the cells in the diagram produces a myelin sheath but lacks a neurolemma?

a

during an action potential's _____, a second stimulus will not produce a second action potential (no matter how strong that stimulus is). this event corresponds to the period when the _____ remain open and the sodium inactivation gates have not reopened

absolute regractory period; voltage-gated potassium channels

in this diagram, where is a node of Ranvier?

b

which diagram represents the type of circuit involved in controlling the movement of the biceps branchii and triceps branchii skeletal muscles?

b

which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that remove debris and acts as a phagocyte?

b

which of the structures in this diagram contains a higher amount of volatage-gated sodium channels where action potentials are propagated?

b

which part of the neuron in this diagram produces protein that can regenerate damaged axons in the PNS?

b

manic-depressive illness is associated with

bipolar disorder

this type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body

bipolar neuron

during the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel, 1. the inactivation gate is open 2. the activation gate is closed 3. the channel is permeable to Na+

both 1 and 2 are true

chromatolysis refers to

break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury.

in this diagram, which of the channels is predominantly located on sensory neurons somas and dendrites and responds to vibration, touch, and stretch?

c

which diagram represents a circuit that helps coordinated muscular activities, breathing and short-term memory?

c

which of the cells in this diagram sends electrical signals to glands, muscles and other neurons?

c

which of the structures in this diagram would be included in a ganglion?

c

plasticity means the ability to

change based on experience

in this diagram, which of these types of channels represent a gate that opens to a depolarizing event?

d

which diagram represents the type of circuit used to solve algorithms and geometry?

d

which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that can be found in gray or white matter and makes contact with blood capillaries, neurons and pia mater of brain and spinal cord?

d

Wallerian degeneration refers to

degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.

which of the following structures is labeled A in the diagram?

dendrites

an excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

depolarizes

this type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.

diverging circuit

in this diagram, which structure electrically insulates the axon of a neuron to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction?

e

in this diagram, which structure would be produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?

e

faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

electrical synapses

______ is a neurotransmitter that is made on demand and can be used for microbial defense. _____ is a neurotransmitter that is made on demand and is used for vasodilation and special sensory recognition

enkephalins; serotonin

which division of the peripheral nervous system only innervates the gastrointestinal tract's wall?

enteric nervous system

acetylcholine is _____ at the neuromuscular junctions and _____ at cardiac muscle in the parasympathetic pathway

excitatory; inhibitory

which of the labeled cells in the diagram is a neuroglial cell that produces and assists in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

f

in temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold

which neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses found in the spinal cord?

gamma aminonutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

which type of central nervous system tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells?

gray matter

in an action potential, the electric current that flows in generated by the movement of _____ across the membrane

ions

Na+/K+-ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

which of these allows more potassium to exit the neuron and helps in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

leak channels

______ open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors

mechanically gated channels

which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord?

multipolar neuron

which electrical signal can allow for rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?

nerve action potential

which organelle is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

nissl body

what specific type of unipolar neuron detects a sharp pain?

nociceptor

which of the following types of neuron is exclusively found in the cerebellum?

purkinje cells

during an action potential's _____, a second stimulus can be produced only if the stimulus is greater than the threshold stimulus. this event corresponds to the period when the _____ remain open and the sodium inactivation gates have not reopened

relative refractory period; potassium voltage-gated channels

diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

remove a neurotransmitter

hearing your cell phone ring in an quiet lecture hall is an example of which nervous system functions?

sensory function

the neuron labeled b in this diagram would be classified as what type of functional neuron?

special senses neuron

when a graded potential summates to threshold at the axon hillock

voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly