Chapter 12

Fletcher v. Peck

(1810) Georgia tries granting 35 mill acres to privateers. Georgian people (#outcry) had state legislature repeal the deal. •ruling: states can't impair a contract

War of 1812

(1812-1815): •war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. •gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and annex Florida from Spain, and possibly seize Canada •The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. •U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. •The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) ended the war/restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. •Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Tried to ensure balance of power and protect each other from aggression from the others.

James Monroe

(1816-1820) 5th President, Democratic-Republican, his time in office is described as "The Era of Good Feelings," notable events include the Missouri Compromise, the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine, the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and several internal improvements such as The Cumberland Road

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) This agreement between US & British was a response to arms build up on the Great Lakes and allowed no warships or port militarization on Great Lakes. It lasted until 1870 and resulted in increased isolationism.

Anglo-American Convention

(1818) Pact between US & Britain that allowed Americans to share coveted fisheries of Newfoundland w/Canadians.

McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) MD tries taxing federal bank to destroy it. •ruling: implied powers => states can't tax fed gvn't

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

(1819) NH wanted to revoke Dartmouth's royal charter. •ruling: states can't impair a contract (charter=contract)

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty)

(1819) Spain ceded Florida & their shadowy claims in Oregon to the US in exchange for US abandonment of Mexico & Texas.

Missouri Compromise

(1820) 3 part agreement between states that lasted 34 years, written by Henry Clay 1. MO = slave state 2. Maine secedes from MA & becomes it's own free state (even # of free & slave states) 3. Slavery not permitted above 36º parallel (except MO)

Cohens v. Virginia

(1821) Cohens illicitly sells lotto tickets & Virginia court determine's he is guilty. •ruling: SCOTUS can review lower court rulings

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) NY tried granting monopoly of waterborne commerce between NY & NJ •only congress can regulate interstate commerce

Russo-American Treaty

(1824) Russian tsar fixed the southern boundary of his Alaskan territory at 54°40' and it stayed at that.

Hartford Convention

(December 1814-January 1815) Representatives from MA, CT, NH, VT & RI met in Hartford: some wanted secession, others just wanted $ from USFG to compensate for Embargo.

Monroe Doctrine

(Late 1823) Speech by James Monroe: •Hey Europe! The age of colonialism is over! •Euro can't intervene in Latin America •then US won't interfere w/Greek democratic revolt against Turkey

Treaty of Ghent

-Negotiations started in 1812 (Alexander I of Russia wants Britain only focus on defeating Napoleon, not US) -At first, Brits wanted a buffer state below Canada, control of Great Lakes, and for the US to annex Maine (still part of MA) to Canada -Once Brits lost battle of NY & Baltimore, they gave in to US's refusal to meet their terms -Signed December 24, 1814 in Belgium (served as an armistice & made US give FL back to Spain)

Panic of 1819

1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified •marked end of economic expansion/depression •deflation (i.e. value of US dollar declines) •bank failures (national bank calls in debt), gives state & local banks more to do •risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over-speculation on lands in west--the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. (he was renown for being an experienced politician that gave the people what they wanted)

Tallmadge Ammendment

Amendment passed in the House but not the Senate that would have prohibited more slaves from being brought into Missouri and gradually emancipate all slaves born there.

Thomas Macdonough

American captain who, on September 11, 1814, challenged the British along Lake Campaign and snatched victory from the fangs of defeat and forced the British to retreat

Francis Scott Key

American diplomat, in Oct 1814 he went to negotiation w/British for return of a prisoner. The British attacked Ft. McHenry, making him watch for 25 hrs. There he wrote "The Star Spangled Banner."

Oliver Hazard Perry

American general who built a fleet of green-timbered ships manned by inexperienced men, but still managed to capture a British fleet. (American confidence & nationalism raises as a result)

Isaac Brock

British army officer who lead the invasion of fort of Michilimackinac (American fort that controlled upper Great Lakes area)

George Canning

British foreign secretary who approached the American minister in London proposing that the U.S. and Britain combine in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory.

American System

Henry Clay aspired for a strong banking system of the US to lend large amounts of credit. This plan also included protectionist policies and federal funding for transportation infrastructure.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815 (frontal attack just like Bunker Hill #FailedAgain); the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Tariff of 1816

Passed by a nationalist-enraged Congress in 1816 (more federalist than the old federalists): •tariff on 20-25% of imports to US •1st protectionist move by the US

Loose Construction

Since Constitution was to last for many ages, it was thereby constructed loosely, flexibly, to be bent as times changed. (elastic clause)

Land Act of 1820

gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded and slowly got cheap transportation as well.

Peculiar Institution

slavery. it was some controversial shit.