Chapter 12

The second Trump impeachment was for

"incitement of insurrection" related to the attack on the U.S. Capitol building during the counting of Electoral College votes on January 6, 2021. This second impeachment led to Republicans supporting impeachment in the House, including Representative Liz Cheney (R-WY), one of the central party leaders, and removal in the Senate, including Senator Mitt Romney (R-UT).7 Ongoing federal investigations of the insurrection continue, and an attempt to launch an independent commission to investigate the event (similar to the 9/11 commission) passed the House, but was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.

What the SEnate's strategy to ignore appointments?

"malign neglect." refusing to hold hearings at all, a strategy of defeat that scholars have referred to as "malign neglect."29 Despite the fact that one-third of U.S. presidents have appointed a Supreme Court justice in an election year, when Associate Justice Antonin Scalia died unexpectedly in early 2016, Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell declared that the Senate would not hold hearings on a nominee until after the upcoming presidential election. Garland was highly respected by senators from both parties and had won confirmation to his DC circuit position by a 76-23 vote in the Senate. When Republican Donald Trump was elected president in the fall, this strategy appeared to pay off. The Republican Senate and Judiciary Committee confirmed Trump's nominee, Neil Gorsuch, in April 2017, exercising the so-called "nuclear option," which allowed Republicans to break the Democrats' filibuster of the nomination by a simple majority vote. Ultimately, Senator McConnell reversed his "proximity to the next election" explanation for waiting to fill a Supreme Court vacancy when Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away just prior to the 2020 election and McConnell and the Republicans quickly processed and confirmed Justice Amy Coney Barrett.

Presidents exercised the power of patronage whic is-

(0r appointing people who are loyal and help them out politically) and private deal-making to get what they wanted at a time when Congress usually held the upper hand in such transactions. Declined in the 19th century with civil service reforms

What are three ways we could reform the electoral college?

1- destroy it 2- make electoral votes proportional not winner take all 3- (honestly confused) proposed by called National Popular Vote. The Once a combination of states constituting 270 Electoral College votes supports the movement, each state entering the compact pledges all of its Electoral College votes to the national popular vote winner. This reform does not technically change the Electoral College structure, but it results in a mandated process that makes the Electoral College reflect the popular vote. Thus far, fifteen states and the District of Columbia with a total of 196 electoral votes among them have signed onto the compact.

the advent of motion picture newsreels and voice recordings in the ____, presidents began to broadcast their message to the general public.

1920s

What is the executive memorandum?

A more subtle version of executive orders pioneered by recent presidents is the executive memorandum, which tends to attract less attention.

What is a pro forma session?

A pro forma session is a short meeting held with the understanding that no work will be done. These sessions have the effect of keeping the Senate officially in session while functionally in recess. recess. In 2012, President Obama decided to ignore the pro forma session and make four recess appointments anyway. Eventually, the Supreme Court had the final say in a 2014 decision that declared unequivocally that "the Senate is in session when it says it is."34 For now at least, the court's ruling means that the president's loophole and the Senate's loophole cancel each other out. It seems they've found the middle ground whether they like it or not.

How does the president still use patronage politics today?

Although the president may call upon various agencies for assistance in lobbying for proposals, such as the Office of Legislative Liaison with Congress, it is often left to the chief executive to offer incentives and rewards. Some of these are symbolic, like private meetings in the White House or an appearance on the campaign trail. The president must also find common ground and make compromises acceptable to all parties, thus enabling everyone to claim they secured something they wanted.

What are the presidents diplomatic abilities and when did they evolve?

And, in 1793, when it became important for the United States to take a stand in the evolving European conflicts between France and other European powers, especially Great Britain, Washington issued a neutrality proclamation that extended his rights as diplomat-in-chief far more broadly than had at first been conceived.

How did Andrew Jackson use veto?

Andrew Jackson employed the veto as a measure of policy to block legislative initiatives with which he did not agree and acted unilaterally when it came to depositing federal funds in several local banks around the country instead of in the Bank of the United States. (evolved into how we use vetos today)

When was the office of president suggested?

Constitutional convention- Virginia's Edmund Randolph- Part of James Madison proposal for federal government- the Virginia plan.

What must a president do when elected?

Critical to a president's success in office is the ability to make a deft transition from the previous administration, including naming a cabinet and filling other offices. The new chief executive must also fashion an agenda, which they will often preview in general terms in an inaugural address. Presidents usually embark upon their presidency benefitting from their own and the nation's renewed hope and optimism, although often unrealistic expectations set the stage for subsequent disappointment.

What do Critics say against the electoral college?

Critics, on the other hand, charge that the current system negates the one-person, one-vote basis of U.S. elections, subverts majority rule, works against political participation in states deemed safe for one party, and might lead to chaos should an elector desert a candidate, thus thwarting the popular will. Despite all this, the system remains in place. It appears that many people are more comfortable with the problems of a flawed system than with the uncertainty of change.

What is the king caucus or congressional caucus?

Early on, the power to nominate presidents for office bubbled up from the party operatives in the various state legislatures and toward what was known as the king caucus or congressional caucus. The

Executive agreements NEVER need congress' approval

FALSE- That said, some executive agreements do require some legislative approval, such as those that commit the United States to make payments and thus are restrained by the congressional power of the purse. But for the most part, executive agreements signed by the president require no congressional action and are considered enforceable as long as the provisions of the executive agreement do not conflict with current domestic law.

If a part has control of all of gov then they can pretty much do what they want

False- Minorities cwna use things to stall legislation

Presidents choose to go public with most of the legislation they want to pass

False- there are dangerous to going public, and msoy presidents "stay private" with their hopeful policies

Why wasn't Clinton impeached?

Fell along part lines Republican wanted him ousted Democrats said we should cesure Didn't go anywhere cause Senators didn't really want to (most anyway)

What is a problem of the 12 amendment?

For example, the amendment created a separate ballot for the vice president but left the rules for electors largely intact. One of those rules states that the two votes the electors cast cannot both be for "an inhabitant of the same state with themselves."4 This rule means that an elector from, say, Louisiana, could not cast votes for a presidential candidate and a vice presidential candidate who were both from Louisiana; that elector could vote for only one of these people.

Many of the most famous executive orders have come in times of war or invoke the president's authority as commander-in-chief, including

Franklin Roosevelt's order permitting the internment of Japanese Americans in 1942 and Harry Truman's directive desegregating the armed forces (1948). The most famous presidential proclamation was Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1863), which declared enslaved people in areas under Confederate control to be free (with a few exceptions).

What happened in 2000 that should some potential flaws with the 12 ammendment.

George W. Bush and Dick Cheney (VP) won by the skin of their teeth, but (bush got 271 out of 270 needed votes- but they both were from Texas were the 12 would enact and 32 electoral votes could only have gone to one or the other. Cheney anticipating this changed to Wisconsin where he was originally from

What is the "first hundred days in office" form of presidential effectiveness

He or she labors under the shadow of a measure of presidential effectiveness known as the first hundred days in office, a concept popularized during Franklin Roosevelt's first term in the 1930s. While one hundred days is possibly too short a time for any president to boast of any real accomplishments, most presidents do recognize that they must address their major initiatives during their first two years in office. This is the time when the president is most powerful and is given the benefit of the doubt by the public and the media (aptly called the honeymoon period), especially if entering the White House with a politically aligned Congress, as Barack Obama did. However, recent history suggests that even one-party control of Congress and the presidency does not ensure efficient policy making.

As a testament to both the large role the first lady had taken on and the extent to which she had become the target of political attacks, the recommendations of the task force were soon dubbed "_____" by opponents.

Hillarycare

impeachment is

Impeachment is the act of charging a government official with serious wrongdoing; the Constitution calls this wrongdoing high crimes and misdemeanors.

Why did we need the 12 amendment?

In 1800, Thomas Jefferson and his running mate Aaron Burr finished tied in the Electoral College. Jefferson was elected president in the House of Representatives on the thirty-sixth ballot.

How was the amount of Republican nominations limited in 2016?

In 2016, when the number of candidates for the Republican nomination became large and unwieldy, two debates among them were held, in which only those candidates polling greater support were allowed in the more important prime-time debate In 2020 Democrats had the same prob

What happens when a president is elected in the white house?

In the immediate aftermath of the election, the incoming and outgoing administrations work together to help facilitate the transfer of power. While the General Services Administration oversees the logistics of the process, such as office assignments, information technology, and the assignment of keys, prudent candidates typically prepare for a possible victory by appointing members of a transition team during the lead-up to the general election. The success of the team's actions becomes apparent on inauguration day, when the transition of power takes place in what is often a seamless fashion, with people evacuating their offices (and the White House) for their successors. Like to get new cabinte members new ambassadors appointments are subject to SEnate confirmation

What was Alexander Hamilton's idea of what a president should be?

Individual in charge- Serve for life- exercise broad powers, including the ability to veto legislation, the power to negotiate treaties and grant pardons in all cases except treason, and the duty to serve as commander-in-chief of the armed forces argued for a strong executive in Federalist No. 70.

Out of the frustration of ____ supporters emerged a powerful two-party system that took control of the selection process.

Jackson's

What did the Jersey plan want the president to be?

Just amend Articles and add executive branch- made of an elected unicameral Congress for a single term- Executive committee would be weak -> cause it could be removed by a majority of state governors.

What is one of the most notable examples of a president using executive orders . . .

Lincoln ordered the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in 1861 and 1862 before seeking congressional legislation to undertake such an act. Presidents

The increasing public political role of the first lady continued in the 1980s with ____ ____'s "___ ___ ___" antidrug campaign and in the early 1990s with Barbara Bush's efforts on behalf of literacy.

Nancy Reagan's; Just say No

When it comes to ____ _____, ____ _____, or ___, the president has many more opportunities to act directly and in some cases must do so when circumstances require quick and decisive action.

National security; international negotiations; war

What is the role of the first lady in modern times?

Nevertheless, the public and political profiles of first ladies remain high, and in the future, the president's spouse will have the opportunity to use that unelected position to advance policies that might well be less controversial and more appealing than those pushed by the president.

Did the Articles of Confederation make a provision for an executive branch?

No, although they did use the term "president" to designate the presiding officer of the Confederation Congress ( they handled otehr administrative duties)

What is patronage politics and how was the strategy used?

Once chief executives played patronage politics, rewarding friends while attacking and punishing critics as they built coalitions of support.

How often has the rules outlined in the 12 amendment been used to elect a president and a Vp?

Only once since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, during the election of 1824, has the House selected the president under these rules, and only once, in 1836, has the Senate chosen the vice president.

Presidents where much less powerful in the past than they are today. What could the presidents do?

Only when it came to diplomacy and war were presidents able to exercise authority on their own, and even then, institutional as well as political restraints limited their independence of action.

How has the role of party conventions and primaries changed?

Over the course of the century, the primaries gradually became a far more important part of the process, though the party leadership still controlled the route to nomination through the convention system. This has changed in recent decades, and now a majority of the delegates are chosen through primary elections, and the party conventions themselves are little more than a widely publicized rubber-stamping event.

The rise of the primary system during the _____ __ came at the cost of party regulars' control of the process of candidate selection.

Progressive Era

Presidents may not be able to appoint key members of their administration without ____ confirmation, but they can demand the resignation or removal of cabinet officers, high-ranking appointees (such as ambassadors), and members of the presidential staff.

SEnate

Cabinet nomination sometimes fail why?

Scandals but mostly More recently, failures typically die of inattention. However, these cases are rare exceptions to the rule, which is to give approval to the nominees that the president wishes to have in the cabinet. Other possible candidates for cabinet posts may decline to be considered for a number of reasons, from the reduction in pay that can accompany entrance into public life to unwillingness to be subjected to the vetting process that accompanies a nomination.

Why has the president become so important?

Social media increase in complexity of government

What are the arguments of supporters of the electoral college?

Supporters of the current system defend it as a manifestation of federalism, arguing that it also guards against the chaos inherent in a multiparty environment by encouraging the current two-party system. They point out that under a system of direct election, candidates would focus their efforts on more populous regions and ignore others.

(presidents) sometimes sanctioned a pro-administration newspaper.

TRUE

Why has the senate blocked appointments?

The Senate has been known to occasionally block or slow appointments not because the quality of the nominee was in question but rather as a general protest against the policies of the president and/or as part of the increasing partisan bickering that occurs when the presidency is controlled by one political party and the Senate by the other. Such political holdups, however, tend to be the exception rather than the rule.

How in Nebraska and Maine are the electoral votes are divided:

The candidate who wins the popular vote in the state gets two electoral votes, but the winner of each congressional district also receives an electoral vote.

What are powers of the Chief executive?

The chief executive would present to Congress information about the state of the union; call Congress into session when needed; veto legislation if necessary, although a two-thirds supermajority in both houses of Congress could override that veto; and make recommendations for legislation and policy as well as call on the heads of various departments to make reports and offer opinions. the president's job included nominating federal judges, including Supreme Court justices, as well as other federal officials, and making appointments to fill military and diplomatic posts.

How do you oust the president?

The method the framers designed required two steps and both chambers of the Congress. First, the House of Representatives could impeach the president by a simple majority vote. In the second step, the Senate could remove the president from office by a two-thirds majority, with the chief justice of the Supreme Court presiding over the trial.

How many presidents have been impeached?

The method the framers designed required two steps and both chambers of the Congress. First, the House of Representatives could impeach the president by a simple majority vote. In the second step, the Senate could remove the president from office by a two-thirds majority, with the chief justice of the Supreme Court presiding over the trial.

How is the amount of electoral votes decided?

The number of Electoral College votes granted to each state equals the total number of representatives and senators that state has in the U.S. Congress or, in the case of Washington, DC, as many electors as it would have if it were a state.

What is the recces appointment loophole=

The overwhelming majority of these are confirmed in a routine and systematic fashion, and only rarely do holdups occur. But when they do, the Constitution allows for a small presidential loophole called the recess appointment. The relevant part of Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution reads: ""The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session."

Some presidents, notably ____ ___, openly bemoaned the lack of any such crisis, which Roosevelt deemed essential for him to achieve greatness as a president.

Theodore Roosevelt - related to the idea of political time

Who greatly increased the power of the presiddency in 1901?

Theodore Roosevelt came to the presidency in 1901, at a time when movie newsreels were becoming popular. Roosevelt, who had always excelled at cultivating good relationships with the print media, eagerly exploited this new opportunity as he took his case to the people with the concept of the presidency as bully pulpit, a platform from which to push his agenda to the public.

It is more difficult to persuade members of the president's own party or the public to support a president's policy without risking the dangers inherent in going public.

There is precious little opportunity for private persuasion while also going public in such instances, at least directly. The way the president and their staff handle media coverage of the administration may afford some opportunities for indirect persuasion of these groups. It is not easy to persuade the federal bureaucracy to do the president's bidding unless the chief executive has made careful appointments. When it comes to diplomacy, the president must relay some messages privately while offering incentives, both positive and negative, in order to elicit desired responses, although at times, people heed only the threat of force and coercion.

What are some offices that need to be filled when the white house transition happens?

These include the heads of the Internal Revenue Service, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Office of Management and Budget, the Federal Reserve, the Social Security Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Labor Relations Board, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is the president's own budget department. In

How does Congress feel about executive agreements?

They cool with them as long as important matters still came through the Senate in the form of Treaties

What do Critics say against the electoral college? P2

Those who insist that the Electoral College should be reformed argue that its potential benefits pale in comparison to the way the Electoral College depresses voter turnout and fails to represent the popular will. In addition to favoring small states, since individual votes there count more than in larger states due to the mathematics involved in the distribution of electors, the Electoral College results in a significant number of "safe" states that receive no real electioneering, such that nearly 75 percent of the country is ignored in the general election.

The ideological extreme candidates have ot do what as they enter the general election?

Those who survive the primaries in this way have to moderate their image as they enter the general election if they hope to succeed among the rest of the party adherents and the uncommitted.

Article 2 of the Constitution gives a vague interpretation of what the president's powers are

True

At other times, the Senate has used its power to rigorously scrutinize the president's nominees

True

Barack Obama's 2008 decision to forfeit public funding so as to skirt the spending limitations imposed, candidates now regularly opt to raise more money rather than to take public funding.

True

Finally, new presidents usually take the opportunity to nominate new ambassadors, whose appointments are subject to Senate confirmation.

True

From the days of the early republic through the end of the nineteenth century, presidents were limited in the ways they could reach the public to convey their perspective and shape policy.

True

In several elections, such as in 1876 and 1888, a candidate who received less than a majority of the popular vote has claimed the presidency, including cases when the losing candidate secured a majority of the popular vote.

True

Increasingly over time, presidents have made more use of their unilateral powers, including executive orders, rules that bypass Congress but still have the force of law if the courts do not overturn them.

True

It remains an open question, however, whether choosing to go public actually enhances a president's political position in battles with Congress.

True

More recently, presidents have offered their own interpretation of legislation as they sign it via signing statements

True

Not all the non-cabinet positions are open at the beginning of an administration, but presidents move quickly to install their preferred choices in most roles when given the opportunity.

True

Senate. In the wake of the Civil War, President Andrew Johnson faced congressional contempt for decisions made during Reconstruction.

True

Some political scholars have said that a good president is one that forces his will on congress

True

Sometimes, historians and political scientists see cooperation with Congress as evidence of weakness, as in the case of Ulysses S. Grant, who was far more effective in garnering support for administration initiatives than scholars have given him credit for.

True

The delegates were able to decide on a single president but struggled with coming up with how to elect that person.

True

Throughout much of the history of the republic, the Senate has closely guarded its constitutional duty to consent to the president's nominees, although in the end it nearly always confirms them.

True

Vice presidents were often sent on minor missions or used as mouthpieces for the administration, often with a sharp edge.

True

While the president has more ways to talk to the people the complexity makes the prospects for presidents of directly reaching the public less certain

True

addition, political action committees (PACs), supposedly focused on issues rather than specific candidates, seek to influence the outcome of the race by supporting or opposing a candidate according to the PAC's own interests

True

by early September, the Electoral College had emerged as the way to select a president for four years who was eligible for reelection.

True

by the presidential election of 1824, many states were using popular elections to choose their electors.

True

presidents cast a long shadow over their successors, and their appointments have effects that can last decades or longer...

True

presidents have greatly expanded their war powers

True

states. In suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, Lincoln blurred the boundaries between acceptable dissent and unacceptable disloyalty.

True

DO to the courts power to oust executive orders that do not have it's approval overall executive orders are decreasing

True Executive actions were unusual until the late nineteenth century. They became common in the first half of the twentieth century but have been growing less popular for the last few decades because they often get overturned in court if the Congress has not given the president prior delegated authority.

Congresses in the nineteenth century developed a budget in a piecemeal process.

True Federal agencies independently submitted budget requests to Congress, and these requests were then considered through the congressional committee process. Worjked cause gov was samll

Over the last several decades, the manner by which parties have chosen candidates has trended away from congressional caucuses and conventions and towards a drawn-out series of state contests, called primaries and caucuses, which begin in the winter prior to the November general election.

True!

period—the pardon power has become more visible in recent decades.

True- President Harry S. Truman issued over two thousand pardons and commutations, more than any other post-World War II president.42 President Gerald Ford has the unenviable reputation of being the only president to pardon another president (his predecessor Richard Nixon, who resigned after the Watergate scandal) (Figure 12.17). While not as generous as Truman, President Jimmy Carter also issued a great number of pardons, including several for draft dodging during the Vietnam War. President Reagan was reluctant to use the pardon as much, as was President George H. W. Bush. President Clinton pardoned few people for much of his presidency, but did make several last-minute pardons, which led to some controversy. Barack Obama had granted 212 pardons, or 6 percent of petitions received, numbers similar to that of his predecessor, George W. Bush.43 Early on in his presidency, Donald Trump used the pardon in a few visible cases. He set aside sentences for controversial former Sherriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona, and for former Vice President Dick Cheney's confidante, Scooter Libby.44 Like other presidents, with his presidency's end in sight after losing the November 2020 election to Joe Biden, his use of pardons escalated. In the end, he granted 237 pardons.

All the senior cabinet agency positions and nominees for all positions in the Executive Office of the President are made as presidents enter office or when positions become vacant during their presidency

Ture

what was the 12 amendment-

Twelfth Amendment, which couples a particular presidential candidate with that candidate's running mate in a unified ticket.

What was James Madison's idea of a president?

Vague Could be multiple people Termed "national executive" Power and length of term of service undefined Congress would decide

vThe most visible, though arguably the least powerful, member of a president's cabinet is the

Vp

Are Executive orders subject to court rulings or changes in policy enacted by Congress?

Yes These orders are also subject to reversal by presidents who come after, and recent presidents have wasted little time reversing the orders of their predecessors in cases of disagreement.

How are we doing on ousting the electoral college?

Yet movements for electoral reform, including proposals for a straightforward nationwide direct election by popular vote, have gained little traction.

How is the recess appoitnment usually filled?

act. But presidents have typically used this loophole to get around a Senate that's inclined to obstruct.

What power does the president have over the millitary?

act. Presidents hire and fire military commanders; they also use their power as commander-in-chief to aggressively deploy U.S. military force.

Early deliberations produced that an idea of president that. . . .

agreement that the executive would be a single person, elected for a single term of seven years by the legislature, empowered to veto legislation, and subject to impeachment and removal by the legislature.

What is a signing statement?

are statements issued by a president when agreeing to legislation that indicate how the chief executive will interpret and enforce the legislation in question. Signing statements are less powerful than vetoes, though congressional opponents have complained that they derail legislative intent. Signing statements have been used by presidents since at least James Monroe, but they became far more common in this century.

Some party primaries even allow registered independents or members of the opposite party to vote. Even so, the process tends to attract the party faithful _ . . .

at the expense of independent voters, who often hold the key to victory in the fall contest.

What did Rosalyn Carter do?

attended several cabinet meetings and pushed for the ratification of the ERA as well as for legislation addressing mental health issues (

Article II of the Constitution lays out the agreed-upon requirements— which include

chief executive must be at least thirty-five years old and a "natural born" citizen of the United States (or a citizen at the time of the Constitution's adoption) who has been an inhabitant of the United States for at least fourteen years. While Article II also states that the term of office is four years and does not expressly limit the number of times a person might be elected president,

What often shapes a president's performance, reputation, and ultimately legacy depends on circumstances that are largely out of their _____.

control

Laura Bush in the first decade of the twenty-first century and Michelle Obama in the second, returned to the roles played by predecessors in advocating less _____ policies:

controversial Laura Bush advocated literacy and education, while Michelle Obama has emphasized physical fitness and healthy diet and exercise.

Following World war one there was a plan to create a budget system that would .. . .

could be scrutinized, amended, and approved by Congress. However, President Woodrow Wilson, owing to a provision tacked onto the bill regarding presidential appointments, vetoed the legislation

The Executive Office of the President

created by Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), contains a number of advisory bodies, including the Council of Economic Advisers, the National Security Council, the OMB, and the Office of the Vice President.

When a president governs alone through ____ ____, it may break a policy deadlock or establish new grounds for action, but it may also spark opposition that might have been handled differently through negotiation and discussion. Moreover,

direct action such decisions are subject to court challenge, legislative reversal, or revocation by a successor. What may seem to be a sign of strength is often more properly understood as independent action undertaken in the wake of a failure to achieve a solution through the legislative process, or an admission that such an effort would prove futile.

A presidents powers can divded into waht two categories?

direct actions the chief executive can take by employing the formal institutional powers of the office and informal powers of persuasion and negotiation essential to working with the legislative branch.

Presidents may choose to issue ____ ____ or proclamations to achieve policy goals.

executive orders Usually, executive orders direct government agencies to pursue a certain course in the absence of congressional action.

The power pardon in the past was used

fairly sparingly—apart from Andrew Johnson's wholesale pardons of former Confederates during the Reconstruction period—the

Currently, however, there are ____ members of the cabinet,

fifteen The most important members—the heads of the Departments of Defense, Justice, State, and the Treasury (echoing Washington's original cabinet)—receive the most attention from the president, the Congress, and media.

What are executive agreements?

formal agreements negotiated between two countries but not ratified by a legislature as a treaty must be. - this is easier.

Congress cannot populate the Court on its own, it can _____ the president's efforts to do so.

frustrate

What do presidents put into office?

great. In recent decades, two-term presidents have nominated well over three hundred federal judges while in office.10 Moreover, new presidents nominate close to five hundred top officials to their Executive Office of the President, key agencies (such as the Department of Justice), and regulatory commissions (such as the Federal Reserve Board), whose appointments require Senate majority approval.

The public role of the first lady reach a new level with Hillary Clinton in the 1990s when her husband put her in charge of

his efforts to achieve health care reform, a controversial decision that did not meet with political success.

Thus, candidates who want to succeed in the primary contests seek to align themselves with committed partisans, who are often at the ___ _____.

ideological extreme

When did the president earn the power of the one line veto?

in 1996 after Congress passed a law permitting it. President Clinton used the tool sparingly. However, those entities that stood to receive the federal funding he lined out brought suit. Two such groups were the City of New York and the Snake River Potato Growers in Idaho.49 The Supreme Court heard their claims together and just sixteen months later declared unconstitutional the act that permitted the line-item veto.50 Since then, presidents have asked Congress to draft a line-item veto law that would be constitutional, although none have made it to the president's desk.

rally around the flag effect

in which presidential popularity spikes during international crises. A president must always be aware that politics, according to Otto von Bismarck, is the art of the possible, even as it is a president's duty to increase what might be possible by persuading both members of Congress and the general public of what needs to be done.

President George Washington's nomination for a minor naval post, was rejected largely because he had ____ a particular senator.

insulted

Air Force One

is the plane that the president travels

What does the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) do?

is the president's own budget department. In addition to preparing the executive budget proposal and overseeing budgetary implementation during the federal fiscal year, the OMB oversees the actions of the executive bureaucracy.

In the case of Senate failure to approve presidential nominations, the president is empowered to . . . .

issue recess appointments (made while the Senate is in recess) that continue in force until the end of the next session of the Senate (unless the Senate confirms the nominee).

Twenty-Second Amendment was proposed and ratified,

limiting the presidency to two four-year terms.

Primaries offer tests of candidates' popular appeal, while state caucuses testify to their ability to . . .

mobilize and organize grassroots support among committed followers.

Executive orders are more often used in cases of

national security or as part of their war powers. presidents have issued orders to protect the homeland from internal threats.

What does it mean for the president to be commander-in-chief?

of the armed forces of the United States, negotiate treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate, and receive representatives of foreign nations (Figure 12.4). Charged to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed," the

The president also exercises the power of ____ without conditions.

pardon

So before the 20th century presidential candidates were elected by

party organizations, party leaders, and workers met in national conventions to choose their nominees, sometimes after long struggles that took place over multiple ballots.

Other presidential selections are not subject to Senate approval, including the president's ___ ___ (whose most important member is the White House chief of staff) and ____ ____ (most notably the national security adviser).

personal staff various advisers

Presidents also choose . . . .

political advisers, speechwriters, and a press secretary to manage the politics and the message of the administration.

In the ____ ____ __ era, television began to replace radio as the medium through which presidents reached the public.

post-World War II

Today, the heads of the fifteen executive departments serve as the . . . .

president's advisers.

What are powers that the President has taken, but has not officially been given.

presidents, often with Congress's blessing through the formal delegation of authority, have taken the lead in framing budgets, negotiating budget compromises, and at times impounding funds in an effort to prevail in matters of policy.

Sustained executive orders, which are those not overturned in courts, typically have some _____

prior authority from Congress that legitimizes them.

Betty Ford took over as first lady in 1974 and became an avid advocate of women's rights, proclaiming-

proclaiming that she was pro-choice when it came to abortion and lobbying for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

President James K. Polk did what controversial thing in 1846?

provoked Mexican officials and gave the national anxiety about the issue Mexico sent troops in response, and the Mexican-American War began soon afterward.

Eleanor Roosevelt's immediate successors...

returned to the less visible role held by her predecessors, although in the early 1960s, Jacqueline Kennedy gained attention for her efforts to refurbish the White House along historical lines, and Lady Bird Johnson in the mid- and late 1960s endorsed an effort to beautify public spaces and highways in the United States. She also established the foundations of what came to be known as the Office of the First Lady, complete with a news reporter, Liz Carpenter, as her press secretary.

executive privilege

right to withhold information from Congress, the judiciary, or the public. This right, not enumerated in the Constitution, was first asserted by George Washington to curtail inquiry into the actions of the executive branch. general defense of its use by White House officials and attorneys ensures that the president can secure candid advice from advisors and staff members.

Bill Clinton, who talked about an "E.G.G. strategy" for senior-level appointments, where the E _____ , G for ____, and the second G for ____

stands for ethnicity gender geography.

Pennsylvania's James Wilson, who had triumphed on the issue of a single executive, at first proposed the direct election of the president. When that failed he suggested they....

suggestion that electors, chosen throughout the nation, should select the executive. Over time, Wilson's idea gained ground with delegates who were uneasy at the idea of an election by the legislature,

Presidential visits can build:

support for policy initiatives or serve political purposes, helping the president reward supporters, campaign for candidates, and seek reelection.

Who becomes president if the og president is impeached?

the VP

In recent years, the president's staff has become identified by the name of the place where many of its members work:

the West Wing of the White House.These people serve at the pleasure of the president, and often the president reshuffles or reforms the staff during the term.

What destroyed patronage politics?

the advent of civil service reform in the 1880s systematically deprived presidents of that option and reduced its scope and effectiveness.

What are some consequence of the rise of the the presidential primary and caucus system

the campaign season has grown longer and more costly.

What is "political time,"

the circumstances under which they assume power. Sometimes, drastic things are accped presidents are mindful of this

Inaugural addresses and messages to Congress, while circulated in newspapers, proved clumsy devices to attract support, in the

the days of the early republic through the end of the nineteenth century,

How did the first four presidetial electiosn get decided?

the electors cast two ballots (but only one could go to a candidate from the elector's state) the person who received a majority won the election. The second-place finisher became vice president. Should no candidate receive a majority of the votes cast, the House of Representatives would select the president, with each state casting a single vote, while the Senate chose the vice president.

What is the inner cabinet?

the heads of the Departments of Defense, Justice, State, and the Treasury (echoing Washington's original cabinet) the others are called the outer cabinet.

The concept of going public involves....

the president delivering a major television address in the hope that Americans watching the address will be compelled to contact their House and Senate member and that such public pressure will result in the legislators supporting the president on a major piece of legislation.

in the 1970s, starting with Jimmy Carter, presidents made a far more conscious effort to make their vice presidents part of the governing team, placing

them in charge of increasingly important issues.

What was the effect of the Monroe Doctrine?

this declaration of principles laid the foundation for the growth of American power in the twentieth century.

What are sustained executive orders?

those not overturned in courts,

New presidents make _____ of new appointments in their first two years in office.

thousands

Hillary Clinton was aoppointed to the

to chair the Task Force on National Health Care Reform. This organization was to follow through on his campaign promise to fix the problems in the U.S. healthcare system. Hillary Clinton had privately requested the appointment, but she quickly realized that the complex web of business interests and political aspirations combined to make the topic of health care reform a hornet's nest. This put the Clinton administration's first lady directly into partisan battles few if any previous first ladies had ever faced.

What did Eleanor Roosevelt do?

took an active role in championing civil rights, becoming in some ways a bridge between her husband and the civil rights movement. She coordinated meetings between FDR and members of the NAACP, championed antilynching legislation, openly defied segregation laws, and pushed the Army Nurse Corps to allow Black women in its ranks. She also wrote a newspaper column and had a weekly radio show.

In the early ____ ____, however, some states began to hold primaries, elections in which candidates vied for the support of state delegations to the party's nominating convention.

twentieth century

Indeed, until the____ , many presidents had little to do with the naming of their running mate at the nominating convention.

twentieth century The office was seen as a form of political exile, and that motivated Republicans to name Theodore Roosevelt as William McKinley's running mate in 1900. The strategy was to get the ambitious politician out of the way while still taking advantage of his popularity. This scheme backfired, however, when McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt became president

What was Trumps first impeachment about?

who was impeached in the House twice. However, support for removal in the Senate did not meet the super-majority requirement, although on the second attempt in 2021 a solid majority favored removal. The first Trump impeachment brought charges of "abuse of power" and "obstruction of Congress" related to allegations that he improperly used his office to seek help from Ukrainian officials to facilitate his re-election.

James Madions proposed a "council of revision" which could have...

would review laws passed by the legislature and have the power of veto. consists of national executive and members of the national judiciary-

What si the significance of the inaugural address

—can do much to set the tone for what is intended to follow. it also allows the president to set forth priorities within the overarching vision of what they intend to do.