Chapter 12 Assessment

What is the definition of a problem? a goal state coming between a problem state and a gap a gap or obstacle coming between a problem state and a goal state a state of frustration that people experience a problem state coming between a gap and the goal state

a gap or obstacle coming between a problem state and a goal state

Material scientists have developed a paint that is self-cleaning: water beads on it and carries away mold, mildew, and algae growth. The paint was developed to mimic the way that lotus leaves repel water and dirt. What kind of problem solving does this example represent? analogical problem solving means-end analysis problem solving ill-defined problem solving insight problem solving

analogical problem solving

What characterizes the experience of insight? generating many paths through the solution space that would lead to the goal state coming to a solution that was not obvious after re-structuring the problem representation identifying analogies that could be useful for solutions applying the characteristics of previous, similar solutions to the problem at hand

coming to a solution that was not obvious after re-structuring the problem representation

The Tower of Hanoi problem and Climate Change both rely on what heuristic to solve the problem? analogical transfer avoiding obstacles increasing distance to goal state creating sub-goals

creating sub-goals

Intermediate states can be created by... creating subgoals. restructuring initial states. restructuring goal states.

creating subgoals.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had hundreds of unused cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. Ali used the cartons in several ways. He made birdfeeders for his backyard in some of them. He planted tree seedlings in some of them. He used some to line his kitchen drawers. He used some as wallpaper in his workshop. He used the remaining ones to build a fort for his son. Ali's use of the cartons represents... hierarchical organization. divergent thinking. convergent thinking. insight.

divergent thinking.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between... well- and ill-defined problems. experimental groups and control groups. laboratory and real-world settings. experts and novices.

experimental groups and control groups.

Which of the following is true about how experts solve problems? experts gain knowledge in a domain and become expert general problem solvers experts are smarter, in all ways, to novices experts immediately jump to generating solutions to problems experts spend more time analyzing and defining problems

experts spend more time analyzing and defining problems

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates... group brainstorming. creative cognition. structural analyses. convergent thinking.

group brainstorming.

It is a Census year and counting the number of people in the United States is a large problem. Government workers can track progress of the Census across time (e.g., coding webpages for the counts, printing and sending mailers, hiring workers, counting responses, and analyzing data). However, there are components that are quite difficult (e.g., motivating citizens and analyzing the vast amount of data in the most informative way). What would be the best way to categorize the type of problem the Census poses? well-defined, incremental well-defined, insight ill-defined, incremental ill-defined, insight

ill-defined, incremental

How does the feeling of warmth or closeness to a solution compare between incremental/analytical problems and insight problems? incremental problems have a steady increase in warmth en route to a solution; insight problems have no change for a long time followed by sudden increase incremental problems rise and fall in warmth over time en route to a solution; insight problems only show increases in the very last moments insight problems rise and fall in warmth over time en route to a solution; incremental problems only show increases in the very last moments insight problems have a steady increase in warmth en route to a solution; incremental problems have no change for a long time followed by sudden increase

incremental problems have a steady increase in warmth en route to a solution; insight problems have no change for a long time followed by sudden increase

According to your book, creative problem solving... is almost always a form of insight or analogical problem solving is a black box that cannot be effectively studied is a process that can take much time with trials and errors is something that is most successful by people in the arts

is a process that can take much time with trials and errors

What are the characteristics of a creative solution? it is novel and useful it is analogical and analytical it is artistic and beautiful it is interesting and thoughtful

it is novel and useful

The adage "When all you have is a hammer, everything becomes a nail" represents what issue that people face when generating solutions? functional fixedness mental set lack of knowledge

mental set

How does Luchin's water jug problem represent a fixed mental set? people carefully think through all possible solution paths for each of the eight problems people apply the same solution to pour the desired quantity of water to all problems people identify new properties of the jugs that allow them to solve the problem

people apply the same solution to pour the desired quantity of water to all problems

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that... people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically toward the solution of a non-insight problem. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. people often backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem.

people often backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem.

Which of the following is *NOT* a process that Gick and Holyoak claimed is relevant to analogical problem solving? mapping applying restructuring noticing

restructuring

in the Adams et al. experiment, why did problem-oriented solutions result in more spontaneous transfer? the task of learning the sentences matched the task when using the sentences the problem-oriented sentences were better analogies than fact-oriented sentences the fact-oriented sentences resulted in a mental set that blocked problem solving the insight problems relied on sudden realizations, or aha feelings to be solved

the task of learning the sentences matched the task when using the sentences

Janelle wants a cup of tea. She only has loose leaf tea (i.e., not in a bag). Which of the following solutions best represents Janelle overcoming functional fixedness to brew herself a cuppa? brewing the tea in a saucepan using a ladel to transfer it into a mug with as few leaves as possible tying up the tea leaves in a satchel made from gauze in the medicine cabinet pouring the brewed tea through a fine mesh strainer to catch the solids brewing the tea in a pot and pouring slowly into a mug so no leaves come through

tying up the tea leaves in a satchel made from gauze in the medicine cabinet