Chapter 12 Blood questions

What is the normal blood platelet count?

150,000-350,000

What is the normal human white blood cell count?

3,500-10,500

How do white blood cells reach microorganisms that are outside blood vessels?

Leukocytes can move between the walls of the smallest blood vessels called diapedesis. They use a form of self-propulsion called amoeboid motion to go outside the blood.

List three types of plasma proteins.

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

Which nutrients are in plasma?

amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids

What is the role of fibrinogen?

blood coagulation

What is the function of hemoglobin?

carries oxygen

How does a blood vessel spasm help control bleeding?

contraction of smooth muscle in its walls, therefore closing the vessel.

What is the function of blood platelets?

help close breaks in damaged blood vessels

How does a red blood cell change as it matures?

they lose their nuclei as they mature to allow more space for hemoglobin. This also prevents them from being able to synthesize proteins or divide.

What are the functions of the globulins?

transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and constitute the antibodies of immunity

Distinguish between leukocytosis and leukopenia

Leukocytosis: more than 10,500 Leukopenia: less than 3,500

Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.

antigen: a molecule that triggers an immune response antibodies attack antigens that aren't recognized

Why is a type O person called a universal donor?

lack antigens A and B

Why is a type AB person called a universal recipient?

lacks anti-A and anti-B

Which gases are in plasma?

oxygen, carbon dioxide

What factors affect blood volume?

plasma and red blood cells

What are the major components of blood?

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Review the major steps in blood clot formation

prothrombin is released and broken down into thrombin which is key in connecting fragments of fibrinogen into fibrin. Once fibrin threads form they stick to damaged blood vessels, trapping blood cells and platelets. After bleeding is in control plasminogen is converted to plasmin to digest the fibrin.

Why is iron required for the formation of red blood cells?

without it it can result in anemia

Distinguish between a thrombus and an embolus

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel abnormally. An embolus is a blood clot that becomes dislodged and is carried away by blood flow.

Describe a red blood cell.

Biconcave disks that are red. The red color comes from the hemoglobin binding with the oxygen.

Which vitamins are necessary for red blood cell production?

B-12 and folic acid

What happens to damaged red blood cells?

Get eaten by macrophages

How is red blood cell production controlled?

Erythropoietin controls the rate of red blood cell production as it responds to low oxygen levels.

Distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Granulocytes: neutrophils, easinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes

What is the main concern when blood is transfused from one individual to another?

If antigens don't match then red blood cells could burst releasing free hemoglobin. Free hemoglobin reaching kidneys would cause them to fail.

Where are red blood cells produced?

In the fetus stage red blood cells are produced in the liver, spleen, and yolk sack. After birth they are produced in red bone marrow.

Which hormones are necessary for differentiation of white blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow?

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors are necessary for the differentiation of white blood cells.

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What is the typical red blood cell count for a male? For a female?

Male: 4,700,00-6,100,000 Female: 4,200,000- 5,400,000

What is a nonprotein nitrogenous substance?

Molecules that contain nitrogen atoms but are not proteins

Which white blood cells are the most active phagocytes?

Neutrophils and monocytes

What prevents the formation of massive clots throughout the cardiovascular system?

Plasminogen and Plasmin keep a clot from staying or other from forming.

Describe the formation of a platelet plug.

Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen.

What are two ways that Rh incompatibility can arise?

Rh negative person gets Rh positive blood and if an Rh negative woman is pregnant with an Rh positive fetus.

How do white blood cells fight infection?

Some leukocytes phagocytize bacterial cells in the body while others produce antibodies that destroy/disable foreign particles.

List the five types of white blood cells, and explain how they differ from one another.

They all have different percentages of how many there are in the body and all look different and have different shaped nuclei.

How do albumins help maintain water balance between the blood and the tissues?

They're too large to pass through capillary walls so they are impermeant and create and osmotic pressure that holds water in the capillaries.

What are the sources of plasma electrolytes?

absorbed from intestine or released as byproducts of cellular metabolism

What are the products of hemoglobin breakdown?

hemoglobin breaks down to heme and globin. heme then breaks down to iron, biliverdin, and bilirubin

What is the Rh blood group?

in humans it includes antigen D, Rh positive, and Rh negative

What is a differential white blood cell count?

lists percentages of the various types of Leukocytes in a blood sample.