Chapter 12 Central Nervous System

Which of the following is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia? Huntington's disease Alzheimer's disease mad cow disease Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia.

Anencephaly is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and can be caused by inadequate folic acid in the maternal diet. True False

False In anencephaly, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop. Spina bifida is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and can be caused by inadequate amounts of the B vitamin folic acid in the maternal diet.

Which of the following best describes the multimodal association cortex? It regulates our heart and other involuntary muscles in response to environmental stimuli. It integrates sensory input to produce understanding of an object being felt. It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take. It permits the perception of sound stimuli and stores them for future reference.

It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take.

__________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities NOT shared by its partner. Hemispherication Hemispherical association Lateralization Cortical association

Lateralization There is a division of labor and each hemisphere has unique abilities not shared by its partner. This phenomenon is called lateralization.

All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________. cerebellum hindbrain neural tube telencephalon

Neural Tube The brain and spinal cord (CNS) begin as an embryonic structure called the neural tube. The hindbrain gives rise to the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The cerebellum is part of the adult brain located dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata. The telencephalon gives rise to the cerebrum.

Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the thalamus. Second-order neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or in the medullary nuclei, and they transmit impulses to the thalamus or to the cerebellum, where they synapse.

__________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. The hypothalamus Broca's area The thalamus The cerebral white matter

The cerebral white matter The white matter deep to the cortical gray matter is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers.

Choose the true statement regarding pyramidal cells. They are found within the cerebral sulci. They allow us to control our skeletal muscles. They provide control of our involuntary muscles. They integrate sensory input to produce an understanding of an object being felt.

They allow us to control our skeletal muscles. The primary (somatic) motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere. Large neurons, called pyramidal cells, in these gyri allow us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles.

Spatial discrimination is the ability to identify the specific region of the body being stimulated. True False

True

Cerebral palsy may be caused by a temporary lack of oxygen during birth. True False

True In difficult deliveries, a temporary lack of oxygen may lead to cerebral palsy.

Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering? dura mater casa mater pia mater arachnoid mater

arachnoid mater

Which of the following protects the brain from bloodborne metabolic wastes and most drugs? cerebrospinal fluid blood brain barrier pia mater dura mater

blood brain barrier The blood brain barrier is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain.

Which of the following are located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter? cell bodies of somatic motor neurons interneurons that receive input from visceral sensory neurons interneurons that receive input from somatic sensory neurons cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons The lateral horns consist mostly of the cell bodies of autonomic (sympathetic division) motor neurons that serve visceral organs.

Which of the following is NOT one of the major regions of the brain stem? medulla oblongata midbrain pons cerebellum

cerebellum From superior to inferior, the brain stem regions are the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

What is the main role of the olfactory cortex? sight detection of odors sound interpretation spatial discrimination

detection of odors

Which of the following regulates body temperature, food intake, and endocrine functions? epithalamus hypothalamus pineal body thalamus

hypothalamus

Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain? pons midbrain medulla oblongata cerebellum

medulla oblongata The small size of the medulla oblongata belies its crucial role as an autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining body homeostasis. Important visceral motor nuclei found in the medulla include the following: cardiovascular center, which adjusts the force and rate of heart contraction to meet the body's needs and changes blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure respiratory center, which generates the respiratory rhythm and helps to control the rate and depth of breathing various other centers, regulating activities such as vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.

People with __________ lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. epilepsy narcolepsy insomnia sleep apnea

narcolepsy

All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________. cerebellum hindbrain neural tube telencephalon

neural tube The brain and spinal cord (CNS) begin as an embryonic structure called the neural tube. The hindbrain gives rise to the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The cerebellum is part of the adult brain located dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata. The telencephalon gives rise to the cerebrum.

Transection (cross sectioning) of the spinal cord at T3 results in __________. quadriplegia paraplegia paresthesias spinal shock

paraplegia If the transection occurs between T1 and L1, both lower limbs are affected, resulting in paraplegia.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon? perithalamus hypothalamus epithalamus thalamus

perithalamus The diencephalon consists largely of three paired structures—the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of ventral horn motor neurons? meningitis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis poliomyelitis paraplegia

poliomyelitis

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic regions of a cerebral hemisphere? the diencephalon the basal nuclei the superficial cortex of gray matter the internal white matter

the diencephalon Each cerebral hemisphere has three basic regions: a superficial cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, and the basal nuclei.