Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering

Vaccines

Bacteria may even be used to create ____________. Ordinarily these are made with a weakened or dead pathogen.

Bacteria

Great transgenic organisms because: Easily incorporate foreign genes into themselves. Reproductive cycles are short. Have also been used to manufacture human growth hormone, erythropoietin, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and human blood clotting factor

retroviruses

the best vectors or transporters. They permanently splice their DNA into the cells they infect. They are ideal as long as they are rendered harmless first. Human cells from a particular target tissue are removed from the body and exposed to _______ containing the "correct" gene. This is then injected directly into the patient or even the specific tissue of the patient.

Gene Therapy

the insertion of human genes into human cells to treat or correct disease. though this technique holds promise, it has a long way to go.

Plants

It is more difficult to create these transgenic organisms than transgenic bacteria. The gene of interest is typically inserted into a bacterium that then infects the ________.

Genetic Engineering

Manipulation of the genetic makeup of the cells or whole organisms. Still in its infancy.

Golden Rice

One of the most remarkable genetically modified plants is ______. Vitamin A is in short supply in the diets of many people in developing nations. They use a gene from maize and a soil microorganism to develop it.

Transgenic Organisms (GMO's)

Organisms that have been genetically engineered so that they carry one or more foreign genes from a different species. Sometimes known as Genetically Modified Organisms.

Animals

Producing these transgenic organisms is even harder than producing transgenic plants. These cells do not take up the bacterial DNA as well as plants. The techniques for cloning these cells are much more difficult than the technique that clones plant cells.

Genetic Engineering of Plants has produced

Tomato plants that resist freezing Tomatoes with longer shelf life Crops resistant to pests and Herbicides Plants with larger leaves plants that mature more quickly Drought Tolerant Plants

Edible vaccines

a remarkable discovery in the world of genetically modified plants is the production of ________. A hepatitis B vaccine has been created in a potato. A good idea because, easy for children, no cooking required. easy to grow in tropical and subtropical environments.

trillions of differentiated cells even if an individual is treated with new genes that does not mean they will pass down a correct version of the gene to their offspring.

downfalls to gene therapy

Bovine Growth Hormone

has been inserted into cows pigs and sheep. used to faster growing, and larger animals for food production. some have been used to study human diseases.

Hemophilia

human blood clotting factors treat __________.

Insulin

now manufactured by bacteria for people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

gene pharming

pharmaceutical companies are inserting genes in goats, sheep, and cows that can produce useful human proteins. typically extracted from milk.

tPA

these prevent or reverse blood clots.

Micro injecting DNA into each individual egg Agitating fertilized eggs in the presence of silicon needles and the DNA of choice.

transgenic animals are created by:

DNA spit kit that costs 199 and it can: Report your carrier on 36 diseases Discover your lineage, and can find relatives Explain how your DNA relates to your enviroment Report what traits your DNA codes for.

what does the company 23&me have to offer.