Chapter 12

5GLs are primarily used in _____

AI & PaaS development

_______ is the most frequently used model, particularly for time-critical problems

Agile Development

An incremental and iterative process that uses short iterations or sprints, with the project team stopping and reevaluating the direction of a project every two weeks.

Agile Development/ Extreme programming

describe the software features and operations in detail—usability, reliability, interface, storage and processing, and output—using tools such as pseudocode and flowcharts.

Application specifications

_______ issues are also a common cause of runtime errors.

Computer memory

the process of converting an algorithm into instructions the computer can understand.

Computer programming (coding)

used to show the logic and the flow of data processing. (decision points)

Control structures

the process of detecting and fixing errors, or bugs, in a computer program. can be considered as alpha testing

Debugging

a form of machine learning that relies on neural networks.

Deep learning

created throughout the programming cycle and is written both for the user and for programmers

Documentation

comments within the code that explain what each section is designed to do as well as external documentation that outlines the project, problem, and design logic

Documentation for programmers:

recognizes that not everything can be broken down to a true or false answer.

Fuzzy logic

______ ensures that the modules work together.

Integration or link testing

______ results in shorter development times because of the continued involvement of users throughout the development process.

JAD

A collaborative system development process that involves the end user throughout the design and development of the project, through a series of sessions.

Joint Application Development (JAD)

a form of AI that enables software applications to become more accurate at predictions by learning from data sets, rather than by being programmed.

Machine learning (ML)

expresses the steps of an algorithm using English-like statements that focus on logic, not syntax.

Pseudocode

_____ tools use object-oriented programming (OOP) and reusable code modules to speed up the process

RAD

______ is user-driven and is ideal for developing software such as graphical user interfaces

RAD

An iterative development process that uses prototyping and user testing of the designs.

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

______ is best for high-risk projects

Spiral

errors in the way code is written. (typos, missing parameters, or incorrect use of symbols like brackets)

Syntax errors

define the correct construction of commands in a programming language.

Syntax rules

______ runs the system under normal usage conditions to ensure that it can handle the expected volume of data.

Volume testing

System specification report

a logical model of the new system

______ ensures that the system does what it's supposed to do.

acceptance testing

a set of steps to solve a problem

algorithm

goal of the _____ phase is to produce a list of requirements for the new system.

analysis

A programming language that is written with statements closer to language that humans speak, which must be converted into machine language by an assembler before the computer can execute it.

assembly language

The process of testing a program under actual working conditions.

beta testing:

A program in which the coding is within a webpage, downloaded to the client computer, and compiled and executed by a browser or plug-in.

client-side program

sequence of instructions for a computer to follow. It's written in a language that the computer can understand and includes any data the computer needs to perform the instructions.

computer program

A diagram that shows the flow of data through an information system to highlight the system's deficiencies.

data flow diagram (DFD)

4GL is designed to be closer to natural language and is often used for accessing _______

databases

Changes to the system cannot be made during the maintenance phase

false

A study created by a project team that includes the creation of the terms of reference (project charter) that state the objectives and scope of the project, the timeline for the project, risks, participants, deliverables, and budget. The four types of feasibility are economic, technical, operational, and political.

feasibility study

A system that a user can use without actually writing code. Primarily used in artificial intelligence applications and in combination with Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) application development.

fifth-generation language (5GL)

A machine language written in binary that can be understood by a computer.

first-generation language (1GL)

a graphic view of the algorithm using arrows to show direction and other symbols to show actions and data

flowchart

A computer language that's designed to be closer to natural language than a 3GL. Many 4GLs are used for accessing databases.

fourth-generation language (4GL)

A complete system for developing software, typically consisting of a code editor, one or more compilers, one or more SDKs, and a debugger.

integrated development environment (IDE)

error in programming logic that results in an unexpected outcome.

logic error

A small program used to automate tasks in applications such as Word and Excel.

macro

______ is a system that simulates human thinking by emulating the biological connections—or neurons—of the human brain.

neural network

defines objects and the actions or methods that can be performed on them.

object-oriented programming (OOP)

uses a step-by-step list of instructions,

procedural programming

A set of steps that a programmer follows to create a computer program.

program development cycle

Define > Design > Code > Debug > Test and document

program development cycle

The leader of a project team, who coordinates the team and keeps the project on track.

project manager (PM)

when the program is running and data or a command that is entered causes it to crash.

runtime error

A program that runs on a web server instead of the client computer. No special software is needed by the client.

server-side program

A person who designs and writes computer programs.

software developer

A bundle of libraries and tools that are developed for a particular platform.

software development kit (SDK)

Tools that help a programmer create programs include

software development kits (SDKs), integrated development environments (IDEs), and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

A person who has an interest in and will be affected by the successful completion of a project.

stakeholder

The traditional model for system development, which consists of five phases—planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing, and maintenance—where each phase is completed in order before the next can begin.

system development life cycle (SDLC)

A computer language for which a compiler is needed to convert the code into machine language that a computer can understand and execute. Most modern programming languages, both procedural and object-oriented programming (OOP), fall in this category.

third-generation language (3GL)

An advantage to using a client-side program is that the client doesn't need to have special software to see the results.

true

Documentation for users of the system:

user manuals (print or online)