chapter 12 homework and lecture

Penicillin targets the bacterial cell wall making it effective against gram _________ organisms. Amoxicillin, a semisynthetic variant is effective at crossing the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. This feature makes amoxicillin a ___________ antibiotic. Positive broad-spectrum Negative narrow- spectrum

1. Positive 2. broad spectrum

Please match the newly developed class of antimicrobial drugs to the statement that most accurately describes it. 1. used to treat resistant strains of Streptococcus; blocks the elongation step of polypeptide synthesis 2. used to treat resistant gram-positive bacteria such as MRSA and VRE; blocks the initiation step of polypeptide synthesis 3. used to treat gram-positive bacterial infections; disrupts membrane function 4. used to treat urinary tract infections; inhibits cell wall synthesis synercid linezolid daptomycin fosfomycin

1. synercid 2. linezolid 3. daptomycin 4. fosfomycin

Please match the antimicrobial strategy with the appropriate example. 1. A patient who has recently undergone a total joint replacement surgery is given antibiotics prior to dental procedures. 2. A patient infected with HIV usually takes several different anti-HIV medications, including a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, one or more protease inhibitors, and an integrase inhibitor. 3. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are often used together because they inhibit two successive steps in the folate biosynthetic pathway and this inhibition is greater than when either drug is used alone. synergy prophylaxis combined therapy

1.prophylaxis 2.combined therapy 3.synergy

Please match the statement with the term that it most accurately describes. 1. drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources 2. drugs that are completely synthesized in the laboratory by chemical reactions 3. substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganism that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms antibiotics synthetic drugs semisynthetic drugs

1.semisynthetic drugs 2.synthetic drugs 3.antibiotics

Consider the era and degree of high mortality rates in the US to complete the sentence. Prior to the __________, children in the United State had a __________ chance of not surviving childhood illnesses to reach elementary school age. Multiple Choice 1930's, one in three 1970's, one in three 1950's, one in three 1970's, one in four

1930's, one in three

Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance is associated with an alteration of the drugs target on the organism's __________. Binding proteins in the cell wall Reason: These antibiotics are ribosome binding drugs which such down protein synthesis. 30S ribosomal subunit Membrane transport receptors 50S ribosomal subunit

50S ribosomal subunit

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms? 60% 40% 20% 80%

60%

Why are antibiotics that attack the cell wall considered bactericidal? It freezes cellular metabolism which prevents the cell from reproducing. A weakened cell wall prevents the cell from dividing. A weakened cell wall leads to cell lysis. A weakened cell wall causes disruptions in the cellular membrane, preventing uptake of nutrients.

A weakened cell wall leads to cell lysis.

Two major problems for treatment with penicillin are that some patients experience which of the following? Allergic responses Drug toxicity Intestinal bleeding Aplastic anemia Resistant strains of pathogens

Allergic responses Resistant strains of pathogens

These antibiotics are amino sugars linked to 6-carbon rings. Macrolides Aminoglycosides Quinolones Tetracyclines Penicillins

Aminoglycosides

Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria? Multiple select question. Nafcillin Amoxicillin Dicloxacillin Ampicillin

Amoxicillin Ampicillin

Which of the following are antifungal antibiotics? Tetracyclines Amphotericin B Nystatin Streptomycin Vancomycin

Amphotericin B Nystatin

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms? Antigen Antibiotic Antibody Antithesis

Antibiotic

Identify the first tetracycline discovered. Tetracycline Terramycin Chloramphenicol Aureomycin

Aureomycin

Polymyxins are derived from a species of which of the following? Pseudomonas Streptomyces Penicillium Micromonospora Bacillus

Bacillus

Most antimicrobial drugs are derived from which two bacterial and which two fungal genera? (4) Check All That Apply Bacillus Streptomyces Penicillium Cephalosporium Clostridium Saccharomyces

Bacillus Streptomyces Penicillium Cephalosporium

Identify the active part of the penicillin structure. Thiazolidine Phenol Benzene Beta-lactam ring

Beta-lactam ring

Which of the following enzymes secreted by certain bacteria cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and provides for resistance against the antibiotic? Beta-lactamase Gamma interferon DNA polymerase Lactase Penicillinase Lipase

Beta-lactamase Penicillinase

Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids? Biofilm L-form Capsule Fimbriae

Biofilm

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous _______, Incorrect Unavailable or gene transfer from another species.

Blank 1: mutations or mutation

Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of________

Blank 1: translation, protein synthesis, peptide transfer, or elongation

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n)_______ spectrum antibiotic.

Broad

Which describes the spectrum of activity of the tetracyclines? Medium Narrow Broad

Broad

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug? Limited spectrum Broad spectrum Visible spectrum Narrow spectrum

Broad spectrum

The antimicrobial silver sulfadiazine is prescribed for the treatment of which of the following? Burns Ringworm Kidney infections Pneumocystis pneumonia Athletes foot Eye infections

Burns Eye infections

Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis? Cell lysis Sporulation Cell division Stasis

Cell lysis

What is the cellular target of daptomycin? Cell wall formation Ribosomes DNA replication Cell membrane function

Cell membrane function

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments? Fimbriae Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleoid Glycocalyx

Cell wall

Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following? Cell wall construction DNA replication Protein synthesis Membrane transport

Cell wall construction

Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following? DNA replication Membrane transport Cell wall construction Protein synthesis

Cell wall construction

Great numbers of antibiotics are derived from which of the following fungal genera? Streptomyces Aspergillus Cephalosporium Penicillium

Cephalosporium Penicillium

Which of the following broad-spectrum antibiotics has limited use because it can lead to aplastic anemia? Clindamycin Polymixin Chloramphenicol Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol

Which of the following has a unique nitrobenzene structure? Chloramphenicol Cephalosporin Streptomycin Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol

Which of the following is limited to treating rickettsial and chlamydial infections when an alternative therapy is unavailable? Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol

______is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that blocks peptide bond formation during protein synthesis and is solely synthetic.

Chloramphenicol

Which of the following diseases can be treated with tetracyclines such as doxycycline and minocycline? Bubonic plague Cholera Mycoplasma pneumonia Rocky Mountain spotted fever Tuberculosis

Cholera Mycoplasma pneumonia Rocky Mountain spotted fever

How does a bacterial cell acquire resistance genes? Check All That Apply Chromosomal genes from other bacteria Chromosomal genes from other bacteria Plasmid genes Transduction via viruses Conjugation from other bacteria Human resistance genes

Chromosomal genes from other bacteria Chromosomal genes from other bacteria Plasmid genes Transduction via viruses Conjugation from other bacteria

Which of the following are quinolones? Cephalosporin Clindamycin Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin

Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site? Competitive Oxidative Feedback Noncompetitive

Competitive

What is a major side effect of tetracyclines? Aplastic anemia Damage to auditory nerves Allergic reactions Deposition in hard tissues

Deposition in hard tissues

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following? Synergism Molecular rebound Competitive exclusion Drug resistance

Drug resistance

Synercid is effective against members of which genera? (3) Enterococcus Proteus Pseudomonas Enterobacter Staphylococcus Streptococcus

Enterococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus

Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form? Enzymes Membrane channels Transport proteins Phospholipids

Enzymes

Which of the following cephalosporins are considered broad-spectrum antibiotics? Fourth-generation Second-generation First-generation Third-generation

Fourth-generation Third-generation

The broad-spectrum quinolones inhibit which of the following? Helicase Phospholipids Sterols DNA polymerase

Helicase

Please select the five primary modes of actions of antimicrobial drugs. Check All That Apply Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Disruption of capsule synthesis or structure Disruption of cell membrane structure or function Inhibition of protein synthesis Inhibition of flagellar function and bacterial motility Blocking key metabolic pathways Disruption of structure or function of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Disruption of cell membrane structure or function Inhibition of protein synthesis Blocking key metabolic pathways Disruption of structure or function of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

What term is used to describe bacteria lacking cell walls? Gram-negative Pleomorphic Gram-positive L-form

L-form

_______analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

Metabolic

Which of the following is not a primary site for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria? Mitochondria Cell wall Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleic acids

Mitochondria

Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria? Streptomycin Piperacillin Nafcillin Erythromycin Cloxacillin Penicillin G

Nafcillin Cloxacillin

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity? Narrow Broad Visible Selective

Narrow

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ______, spectrum antibiotic.

Narrow; limited

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents? Survival of the fittest Evolution Microbial antagonism Natural selection

Natural selection

Rifampin disrupts the formation of which macromolecules? Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates

Nucleic acids

Antimicrobial drugs that damage cell membrane function usually do so by creating leaks in the membrane that disrupt which of the following? (2) Communication with other cells Osmotic tolerance Cell metabolism Genetic expression

Osmotic tolerance Cell metabolism

_________is a route of drug administration that involves piercing the skin or mucous membranes.

Parenteral

Aztreonam is often used by patients who are allergic to which antibiotic? Multiple choice question. Tetracycline Penicillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Chloramphenicol

Penicillin

Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity? Penicillin Amphotericin B Sulfa drugs Tetracycline

Penicillin

Which of the following contains a beta lactam ring, a target of drug resistance in some bacteria? Check All That Apply Penicillin Cephalosporin Tetracycline Ampicillin Polymyxin

Penicillin Cephalosporin Ampicillin

Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum? Penicillin G Methicillin Ampicillin Penicillin A Penicillin V

Penicillin G

_______ ______ serves as the parent compound for all "-cillin" drugs..

Penicillin; G

The cephalosporins closely resemble which group of antibiotics in terms of structure and function? Sulfonamides Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Penicillins Macrolides

Penicillins

Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring? Multiple select question. Penicillins Quinolones Tetracyclines Cephalosporins

Penicillins Cephalosporins

The mode of action of chloramphenicol is to block the formation of which of the following bonds? Multiple choice question. Ester Phosphodiester Peptide Glycosidic

Peptide

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following? Peptidoglycan Cellulose Starch Chitin Lipopolysaccharide

Peptidoglycan

Polymyxins interact with which of the following membrane component(s), causing leakage of cellular contents? Multiple choice question. Lipoproteins Cholesterol Phospholipids Glycolipids

Phospholipids

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are used in combination to treat which of the following conditions?(3) Pneumocystis pneumonia Tuberculosis Urinary tract infections Otitis media Heart valve infections Staphylococcal infections

Pneumocystis pneumonia Urinary tract infections Otitis media

Which is the only antibiotic that targets bacterial cell membranes though it can only be used externally due to kidney toxicity? Multiple Choice Ampicillin Cephalosporin Tetracycline Polymyxin

Polymyxin

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide directed mainly against Gram-_____bacteria

Positive

Which is the mechanism used by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pumps to expel antimicrobial drugs and other toxic substances from a bacterial cell? Exocytosis Proton-motive force similar to ATP synthesis Inhibition of enzymes involved in uptake Negative feedback

Proton-motive force similar to ATP synthesis

Which of the following are synthetic antimicrobial drugs? Penicillins. Quinines Quinolone Azoles Streptomycin

Quinolone Azoles Quinines

The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs? Tetracyclines Synthetic drugs Aminoglycosides Quinolones

Quinolones

Drug_______ of microbes to specific drugs can increase as a result of genetic based changes in the target site (receptor) that the drug binds to.

Resistance

Which is descriptive of L-forms? Resistant to erythromycin Resistant to tetracycline Resistant to penicillin Resistant to chloramphenicol

Resistant to penicillin

Identify the cellular target of aminoglycosides. Cell wall PABA Ribosomes Cell membrane

Ribosomes

Which of the following drugs inhibits transcription? Gentamycin Rifampin Cipro Sparfloxacin

Rifampin

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called________toxicity.

Selective

_________penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

Semisynthetic

Which of the following ointments is prescribed for treatment of eye infections? Sulfamethoxazole Oxazolidinone Trimethoprim Silver sulfadiazine

Silver sulfadiazine

Alexander Fleming discovered the compound penicillin in 1928 after his observations on the antibacterial effects of the mold Penicillium chrysogenum on which of the following microbes? Multiple Choice Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following genera produce aminoglycosides? Neisseria Streptomyces Bacillus Micromonospora

Streptomyces Micromonospora

Which of the following aminoglycosides is still the antibiotic of choice for treating bubonic plague and tularemia? Gentamicin Kanamycin Tobramycin Amikacin Streptomycin

Streptomycin

Which of the following are antimicrobials that block the folic acid pathway in bacteria? Tetracyclines Fosfomycin Isoniazids Penicillins Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides

Resistance to which of the following drugs develops when microbes deviate from the usual pathway that leads to the production of folic acid?(2) Sulfonamides Erythromycin Aminoglycosides Trimethoprim Cephalosporins

Sulfonamides Trimethoprim

What is the term for an antimicrobial drug that is chemically synthesized in the laboratory? Semisynthetic Prophylactic Narrow spectrum Synthetic Broad spectrum

Synthetic

Identify the mode of action of the polyene antifungal antibiotics. They form complexes with fungal sterols in their cell membranes causing seepage of small ions. They bind to the DNA and prevent transcription. They attach to the 70S ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis. They cause a breakage in the peptidoglycan.

They form complexes with fungal sterols in their cell membranes causing seepage of small ions.

Which of the cephalosporins is effective for treating infections by enteric bacteria that produce beta-lactamases? First-generation Third-generation Second-generation Fourth-generation

Third-generation

Which tetracycline is being used in hospitals to treat MRSA infections? Doxycycline Aureomycin Minocycline Tigecycline

Tigecycline

Please select the two correct answers to test your understanding of the primary goals of antimicrobial treatment. Check All That Apply(2) To destroy the infective agent To kill malignant cells To be nontoxic to the host and produce no side effects To identify the cause of infection To alter the normal microbiota of the patient

To destroy the infective agent To be nontoxic to the host and produce no side effects

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy? To boost the patients immune response in order to destroy the infective agent To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient To provide the patient with immunity against future infections by the microbe

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

Antibiotics that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis do so by targeting components of which processes? Transcription Cell wall synthesis Translation DNA replication Folic acid pathway

Transcription DNA replication

True or false: Damage to the bacterial cell membrane can disrupt metabolism or lyse the cell.

True

True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

True

True or false: Tetracyclines can be used to treat infections caused by mycoplasmas.

True

Sulfisoxazole is not the preferred drug for treating which of the following diseases? Urinary tract infections Tuberculosis and leprosy Shigellosis Some protozoan infections

Tuberculosis and leprosy

Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions? Gastroenteritis Urinary tract infections Pneumonia Tuberculosis Septicemia

Urinary tract infections Pneumonia Septicemia

Sulfisoxazole is the best antimicrobial for treating which of the following diseases?(2) Urinary tract infections Shigellosis Gastrointestinal infections Cholera Eye infections

Urinary tract infections Shigellosis

Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis? Erythromycin Vancomycin Cycloserine Ampicillin Streptomycinn

Vancomycin Cycloserine Ampicillin

Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall? Older, inactive Dormant Young, growing

Young, growing

Patients taking penicillin may experience ______reactions.

allergic or allergy

___________are antibiotics composed of one or more amino sugars and a 6-carbon ring and produced by soil actinomycetes.

aminoglycosides

__________chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

antimicrobial

________chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

antimicrobial

Antibiotics are made primarily by aerobic spore-forming _______ , and ______

bacteria; fungi

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. An antimicrobial drug that is effective against a very diverse array of bacteria is described as __________ spectrum, whereas a drug that is very selective for a just a few different types of bacteria is described as __________ spectrum. narrow; broad broad; narrow

broad; narrow

The cephalosporins _________, are similar in structure to penicillins and interfere with cell wall synthesis.

cephalosporins

Please select the three major mechanisms by which antimicrobial resistance genes are shared and spread among microbial populations. Check All That Apply (3) conjugation spread from human hosts to bacteria transduction transformation transcription taking antibiotics

conjugation transduction transformation

Please select the five major mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Check All That Apply (5) enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic Microbe utilizes the antibiotic as an energy source. Antibiotic efflux pumps pump the antibiotic out of the cell. Altered target site, such that the antibiotic can no longer bind to the target. Microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. Decreased permeability to the antibiotic

enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic Antibiotic efflux pumps pump the antibiotic out of the cell. Altered target site, such that the antibiotic can no longer bind to the target. Microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. Decreased permeability to the antibiotic

One mechanism by which microbes can become resistant to a drug is to produce a(n)________, that alters the structure of the drug.

enzyme

True or false: Aminoglycosides are very narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

false

True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.

false

True or false: Most cephalosporins are administered orally.

false

True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

false

A narrow-spectrum antimicrobial would be an appropriate choice to treat an abscess caused by several different microbe species, including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. true or false

fasle

Penicillin is selectively toxic for some people, due to an allergy response. true or fasle

fasle

Which category of antibiotic does the FDA require a black box label warning due to serious side effects? Multiple Choice aminoglycosides tetracycline fluoroquinolones penicillin and its derivatives

fluoroquinolones

Resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim develops when microbes use an alternative pathway for _______ acid synthesis.

folic

Which of the following are representative of the quinolone group of antimicrobials? Check All That Apply Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. Block translocation of the ribosome. Interfere with DNA replication and transcription Includes norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Includes erythromycin and vancomycin.

inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. Interfere with DNA replication and transcription Includes norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.

The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to ______ the infective agent without harming the ______

kill, destroy, annihilate, or eradicate Blank 2: host, patient, host cells, or host's cells

Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell______

membrane or membranes

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous______ or gene transfer from another species.

mutations

The outer membrane of some Gram-_______ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.

negative

Polymyxins work well on Gram- _____cells and daptomycin shows selectivity for Gram-______ cells.

negative, positive

Trimethoprim is used in combination with sulfamethoxazole to treat _______ caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci.

pneumonia

Many bacteria possess multidrug-resistant (MDR) _______ that actively transport drugs and other chemicals out of cells.

pumps

Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria? Mitochondria Cell membrane Cell wall Nucleic acids Golgi apparatus (bodies) Ribosomes

ribosomes cell membrane nucleic acid cell wall

Sulfonamides, or _____ are synthetic antimicrobial drugs that interfere with essential metabolic processes of bacteria and some fungi.

sulfa

Please select all of the antimicrobial drugs that block protein synthesis. Check All That Apply tetracycline chloramphenicol sulfonamides vancomycin amikacin erythromycin polymyxin

tetracycline chloramphenicol amikacin erythromycin

The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the______

tetracyclines or tetracycline

Synercid binds to sites on the 50S ribosomal subunit. Synercid interferes with MultipleChoice translation. replication. transcription .cell wall synthesis.

translation