Chapter 12 Mind tap

1._____ % : thirst, fatigue, loss of appetite 2._____ % : dry mouth, flushed skin, apathy 3._____ % : headache, sleepiness, increased respiratory rate 4._____ % : dizziness, loss of balance, collapse

1. 1-2% 2. 3-4% 3. 5-6% 4. 7-10%

1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2. renin 3. angiotensin II 4. aldosterone a) a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration (or a high sodium concentration in the blood) that stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more water, and thus excrete less. b) an enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium c) a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation d) a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d

toxicity symptoms of phosphorus

Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys

toxicity symptoms of calcium

Constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals

toxicity symptoms of potassium

Muscular weakness; vomiting; if injected into a vein, can stop the heart

substance that enhances absorption of calcium

Vitamin D

A sedentary 40-year-old male basketball player expends 2200 kcal per day. Calculate the water recommendation for the sedentary 40-year-old male. a. 8.8 c b. 3 c c. 6.7 c d. 15 c

a

An individual who has lost fluids equivalent to 3 to 4 percent of his or her body weight may experience impaired physical performance. a. True b. False

a

Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the pituitary in response to dehydration. a. True b. False

a

Artichokes contain more potassium per serving than do eggs. a. True b. False

a

Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluids. a. True b. False

a

High blood calcium _____. a. signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin b. enhances calcium absorption in the intestines c. stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone d. signals the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone e. stimulates the activation of vitamin D

a

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the bones. a. True b. False

a

Ninety percent of the U.S. population exceeds the Upper Level for sodium which is set at 2300 milligrams per day. a. True b. False

a

Osteoporosis affects an estimated 53 million people in the United States. a. True b. False

a

Pizza is 40 to 49 percent water. a. True b. False

a

Processed foods and soft drinks contain phosphate-based additives that can interfere with the absorption of magnesium. a. True b. False

a

Some plant foods contain binders that combine chemically with minerals, preventing their absorption. a. True b. False

a

Suppose that a soup recipe calls for 2 tsp of salt. How many grams of salt is that? a. 12 g b. 6 g c. 9 g d. 15 g

a

Thirst and satiety influence water intake in response to changes sensed by the mouth, hypothalamus, and nerves. a. True b. False

a

Unlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic elements that always retain their chemical identity. a. True b. False

a

All of the following statements describe the consequences of inadequate calcium intake except: a. Low calcium intakes during the growing years limits the bones' ability to attain peak bone mass. b. A low calcium intake during the growing years will not stunt the child's growth. c. All adults lose bone as they grow older, beginning between the ages of 30 and 40. d. By age 30 those with a high peak bone mass will be well protected against age-related bone loss and fractures that can occur later in life. e. Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss so severe that common, everyday stresses result in bone fractures.

b

All of the following statements regarding calcium supplements are true except: a. Many supplements derived from natural sources such as bone meal or oyster shell may be contaminated with lead. b. Calcium carbonate supplements contain the least amount of calcium compared to other calcium supplements. c. Some research suggests that calcium from supplements may increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. d. Calcium from foods may support bone health better than calcium from supplements. e. To improve absorption, it is best to take a low dose of calcium several times a day rather than a large-dose supplement all at once.

b

Bananas are among the best sources of phosphorous.. a. True b. False

b

Only 10 percent of the body's calcium is in the body fluids. a. True b. False

b

The following statements concerning the effects of a high salt intake are true, except: a. A high salt intake is associated with increased calcium excretion. b. Hyponatremia is a condition resulting from high salt intake. c. The DASH diet that is low in sodium but abundant in potassium-rich vegetables and fruits and calcium-rich dairy foods not only helps to lower blood pressure, but may also prevent bone loss. d. Potassium may prevent the excretion of calcium caused by a high salt diet. e. A high sodium intake correlates strongly with high blood pressure and heart disease.

b

Through the action of parathyroid hormone, trabecular bone readily gives up calcium whenever blood calcium levels are low. Losses of trabecular bone begin to become significant for men and women in their __________. a. 20s b. 30s c. 40s d. 50s e. 60s

b

Water constitutes about 75 percent of an adult's body weight. a. True b. False

b

Which food provides the most magnesium per serving? a. canned tuna b. halibut c. eggs d. ground beef e. cheddar cheese

b

Women may lose up to _______ of their bone mass during the 6 to 8 years following menopause. a. 25 percent b. 20 percent c. 5 percent d. 10 percent e. 15 percent

b

compounds found in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes that cannot be absorbed with the body

binders

rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

bioavailability

Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called ____. a. angiotensin II b. aldosterone c. renin d. ADH e. angiotensin I

c

Delirium, exhaustion, and collapse can result when _______ percent of body weight has been lost due to dehydration. a. 2-3 percent b. 1-2 percent c. 7-10 percent d. 4-6 percent e. 3-4 percent

c

If a cup of milk provides 300 mg of calcium, and you are trying to consume 1000 mg of calcium per day, how many cups of milk do you need to drink (assuming this is your only source of calcium)? a. 2.7 c b. 5.6 c c. 3.3 c d. 1.3 c e. 4.2 c

c

Which food (or food group) contains phytates? a. beet greens b. spinach c. legumes d. rhubarb e. sweet potatoes

c

Which food offers the most calcium per serving? a. pinto beans b. peanut butter c. sardines with bones d. watermelon e. strawberries

c

Which food offers the most potassium per serving? a. tuna b. ground beef c. acorn squash d. cheddar cheese e. eggs

c

hormone that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels are too high

calcitonin

involved in mineralization of bones and teeth, muscle contraction and relaxation, and in promoting blood clotting.

calcium

a calcium-binding protein that regulates such cell activities as muscle contraction

calmodulin

major anion in the extra cellular fluid ; maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance

chloride

All of the following are recommendations to help prevent the onset of osteoporosisexcept: a. Eat the recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D every day. b. Avoid smoking cigarettes. c. Regular physical activity combined with an adequate calcium intake helps maximize bone density in children and adolescents. d. Restricting kcalorie intake repeatedly to maintain a low BMI is not a risk factor for developing osteoporosis. e. Avoid consuming diets containing excessive amounts of protein, sodium, and caffeine.

d

Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include all of the following except: a. diet inadequate in calcium and vitamin D b. cigarette smoking c. sedentary lifestyle d. high body weight e. diet containing excessive amounts of protein, sodium, and caffeine

d

The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of _____ ions. a. sulfate b. calcium c. sodium d. hydrogen e. chloride

d

The calcium content of various vegetables is presented below. Which of these vegetables would be the best choice to help you meet your calcium DRI? a. Swiss chard, 51 mg in ½ cup cooked b. Spinach, 145 mg in ½ cup cooked c. Kale, 90 mg in ½ cup cooked d. Turnip greens, 125 mg in ½ cup cooked e. Mustard greens, 76 mg

d

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? a. Maintains blood volume b. Carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body c. Participates in metabolic reactions d. Source of energy e. Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen.

d

If one consumes a diet inadequate in calcium, all of the following will happen except: a. Vitamin D will be activated. b. Bone calcium will diminish. c. Parathyroid hormone will be released. d. Blood calcium levels will remain normal. e. Blood calcium levels will drop below normal causing calcium tetany to occur.

e

Most of the sodium consumed in the diet comes from: a. salt added in cooking. b. naturally occurring sodium occurring in fresh fruits and vegetables. c. hard water. d. salt sprinkled on foods at the table. e. processed foods.

e

Which electrolyte is found in its cation form? a. chloride b. phosphate c. bicarbonate d. sulfate e. sodium

e

Which of the following is true about osteoporosis? a. It commonly occurs in men over the age of 45 years. b. It results from a short-term inadequate calcium intake. c. It affects about 30 million people in the United States d. It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. e. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels.

e

toxicity symptoms of sodium

edema, acute hypertension

Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus

hydroxyapatite

involved in mineralization of bones, forms part of protein making machinery, and is necessary for energy metabolism

magnesium

essential nutrients required in quantities greater than 100 mg per day

major minerals

process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystalize on the collage matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone

mineralization

hormone that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall too low

parathyroid hormone

the highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the first three decades of life.

peak bone mass

involved in mineralization of bones and teeth, part of phospholipids, used in energy transfer, and in buffer systems that maintain acid- base balance

phosporus

major cation in the intracellular fluid ; maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity.

potassium

major cation in the extra cellular fluid ; maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance

sodium

stabilize protein structure

sulfur

essential nutrients required in quantities less than 100 mg per day

trace minerals

toxicity symptoms of chloride

vomiting