Chapter 12: Organic Chemistry

Decyl

-C10H21

Hexyl

-C6H13

Octyl

-C8H17

Nonyl

-C9H19

diesel fuel

15-18 carbon atoms

motor oil

16-18 carbon atoms

glycol

2 -OH groups

paraffin wax

20 carbons or greater

glycerol

3 -OH groups

asphalt

36 carbons or greater

What is a carbonyl group?

A carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen.

thermoplastic polymer

A polymer that does not have cross-links, can be made to flow when heated, and hardens when cooled.

thermosetting polymer

A polymer that forms cross-links during production and becomes permanently hardened.

monosaccharide

Also called a simple sugar, made of a six carbon units.

disaccharide

Made of two simple sugars joined together with the loss of water.

oil field

Natural accumulation of petroleum in porous rock.

sour crude

Oil with a high quantity of sulfur.

crude oil

Petroleum pumped from the ground.

polysaccharide

Polymer of simple sugars joined together.

What determines the structure and ultimately the function of proteins?

The amino acid sequence.

cellulose

Used as fibers in cell walls to provide structure.

glycogen

Used by animals as a stored food source.

What is true about polyethylenes?

a thermoplastic polymer; used to make grocery bags; properties can be vastly altered by changing the reaction conditions during production

citric acid

acid contained in citrus fruits

acetic acid

acid contained in vinegar

Some polymers, such as polyethylene, can be synthesized through ______ polymerization. The reactive site of a molecule that undergoes this type of polymerization is a _____ bond.

addition; multiple

Compounds that contain the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) are called____.

alcohols

The first truly synthetic polymer, _______, was synthesized from formaldehyde and phenol.

bakelite

teflon

bearings, gears, and nonstick coating on fry pans

animal fats

can be either saturated or unsaturated but are mostly saturated

paraffin wax

candles, home canning

Alkanes with 5 carbons or more are named using a Greek prefix to indicate the number of _____ atoms in the molecule. The suffix ______ is used to indicate that the compound is part of the alkane series.

carbon; -ane

Organic chemistry is concerned with the study of compounds that contain _____ as their principal element. _____ chemistry involves the study of all other compounds.

carbon; Inorganic

The functional group depicted in the illustration is called a(n) ______ group.

carboxyl

formic acid

causes the sting of bees and certain plants

The basic unit of an organism is called a(n) _______.

cell

The carbon-carbon bonds in hydrocarbons are _____, and can consist of single, double, or triple bonds. Each carbon in a hydrocarbon must be surrounded by ______ dashes(bonds) in order to satisfy the octet rule.

covalent; four

What hydrocarbons make up the mixture that is called petroleum?

cycloalkanes; alkanes; aromatic hydrocarbons

What is true about common aldehydes, ketones, and ethers?

diethyl ether was once used as an anesthetic; formaldehyde is used to preserve biological specimens; aldehydes are responsible for pleasant odors such as cinnamon and vanilla

Crude oil is purified by a method called fractional _______ where hydrocarbons are separated by their differences in ______ points.

distillation; boiling

Alkenes are compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon _____ bond.

double

What describes a peptide bond?

each amino acid can form at least two peptide bonds; a peptide bond is formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

What describes the origin of ethanol?

ethanol can be synthesized from ethylene derived from petroleum refining; ethanol can be formed from a yeast fermentation reaction

alcohol

ether

The desired product during the cracking and reforming process is unleaded gasoline. What molecule is formed in the absence of the reforming step that is used as a raw material for many plastic materials?

ethylene

True or false: Humans digest starches and cellulose by breaking down the polysaccharide chain into glucose.

false

When excess carbohydrates, proteins, or fats and oils are consumed, they are converted to _______ for long-term energy storage in the form of _____ tissue.

fat; adipose

high molecular weight esters

fats and oils

What is true about fats and oils?

fats and oils are esters; fats are solids at room temperature

glucose

food and basic building block for other carbohydrates

fructose

found in fruits

glucose

found in the sap of plants and the human bloodstream

Carbon has a valence of ______.

four

low molecular weight esters

fragrant liquids

diesel fuel

fuel, heating oil

chitin

hard protective substance in insects and shellfish

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen is called a(n)_____.

hydrocarbon

Carbohydrates mostly consist of what 3 elements?

hydrogen; carbon; oxygen

OH

hydroxide ion that is part of an inorganic compound

-OH

hydroxyl group that is attached to an organic compound

What is true about carbohydrates?

include sugars; are important in plants and animals for structure and protection; carbohydrates are organic compounds

The number of possible isomers for a given molecular formula _____ as the number of carbon atoms increases.

increases

What correctly describes a pair of isomers?

isomers differ in the way their atoms are connected to each other; isomers are different compounds

What is true about cycloalkanes?

isomers of alkenes; named the same as alkanes except the prefix cyclo- is employed to denote the presence of a ring

aldehyde

ketone

kerosene

lamp oil, jet fuel

A molecule that is characterized by a high molecular weight is called a(n) ______.

macromolecule

The process of decomposing organic molecules and building them into macromolecules is called_____.

metabolism

Polymers are made up of many smaller repeating units called_____.

monomers

The alkanes are also referred to as the ____ series. They are called a series because each higher molecular weight alkane has an additional group.

paraffin; -CH2

The term _______ describes a substance that can be molded into any desired shape.

plastic

polyvinyl chloride

plastics, water pipes, synthetic leather

A molecule made up of many repeating units linked together is called a(n)______.

polymer

What is true about proteins?

proteins are made of small molecules called amino acids; protein are macromolecules

There are four main types of macromolecules: ________, _______, fats and oils, and nucleic acids.

proteins; carbohydrates

Alkanes are termed _______ hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atom. Alkenes and alkynes are termed ______ hydrocarbons because they do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

saturated; unsaturated

cellulose

skeletal substance of plants

A sodium or potassium fatty acid is more commonly known as______.

soap

polystyrene

styrofoam containers and insulating materials

asphalt

surface roads

nylon

synthetic polymer

Pentane has a chemical formula of C_____ H_____.

5; 12

maltose

Also known as malt sugar and tastes only a third as sweet as sugar.

lactose

Also known as milk sugar and tastes only a sixth as sweet as sugar.

sucrose

Also known as table sugar and is the most common disaccharide.

What is the general form of a straight-chain alkane?

CnH2n+2

What defines an aromatic hydrocarbon?

The presence of a benzene ring in the structure.

starches

Used by plants as a stored food source.

What structural features do both carboxylic acids and esters possess?

a carbonyl group; an oxygen atom singly bonded to a carbonyl group

What types of molecules are linked together to form a polypeptide?

amino acids

An amino acid contains both a(n) ______ group (-NH2) and a(n) ________ group (-COOH).

amino; carboxylic

What is true about synthetic polymers synthesized from cellulose?

celluloid was the first synthetic polymer synthesized from cellulose; rayon and cellophane are produced from cellulose

What is the name of an alcohol with the chemical formula C10H21OH?

decanol

Despite their utility, synthetic polymers have certain disadvantages; they do not readily ______ when disposed of and they are manufactured from raw materials obtained from coal and ______.

decompose; petroleum

A hydrocarbon ______ is a molecule in which one of the hydrogens has ben replaced by another element or group of elements.

derivative

What name is given to an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is largely responsible for the chemical properties and reactivity of the molecule?

functional group

What is the product of the digestion of starches and disaccharides in the human body?

glucose

An organic ______ is a hydrocarbon where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen.

halide

Alkanes belong to a class of compounds called ______, and consist of a backbone of carbon-carbon _____ bonds.

hydrocarbons; single

The simplest carbohydrate is called a(n) ________ saccharide; when two of these simple sugars join together they form a(n) _______ saccharide. When many simple sugars are joined in long straight or branched chains the resulting molecule is called a(n) _______ saccharide.

mono; di; poly

oils

mostly unsaturated

Organic compounds are ____ inorganic compounds.

much more abundant than

wool

natural polymer

Pure n-heptane

octane number of 0

Multiple branched isomer of octane

octane number of 100

Most gasoline

octane number of 87

In general, alcohols are ____ humans. The type of alcohol that is consumed most often by humans is _____.

toxic to; ethanol

The presence of a carbon-carbon ______ bond is the characteristic feature of alkynes.

triple

What is true about the origin and uses of ethylene?

typically used as a raw material to produce other useful products; can be obtained form processing petroleum; a material used to make polyethylene plastic

Addition reactions involve ______ compounds that contain ______ bonds between atoms.

unsaturated; multiple