Chapter 12 Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems (18 and 19)

According to the concept of competitive exclusion,

two species cannot share exactly the same niche in a community.

Describe an example of biological magnification.

Biological magnification is the accumulation of persistent chemicals in the living tissues of consumers in food chains. For example, PCBs in water are ingested by zooplankton, which are ingested by cod, which are ingested by salmon, which are ingested by people. The concentration of PCBs in the fatty tissue of each of the organisms increases toward the top of the food chain because of biological magnification.

a living component of a biological community

Biotic

According to data on ecological footprints a. The carrying capacity of the world is 10 billion b. Earth's resources are sufficient to sustain future generations at current levels of consumption c. The ecological footprint of the United States is more than twice the world average d. Nations with the largest ecological footprints have the fastest population growth rates

C

Skyrocketing growth of the human population since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution appears to be mainly a result of a. Migration to thinly settled regions of the globe b. Better nutrition boosting the birth rate c. A drop in the death rate due to better nutrition and health care. d. The concentration of humans in cities

C

The recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is mainly a result of an increase in? a. Plant growth b. The absorption of heat radiating from Earth c. The burning of fossil fuels and wood d. Cellular respiration by the increasing human population

C

What is the greenhouse effect? How is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?

Carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere absorb heat energy radiating from Earth and reflect it back toward Earth. This is called the greenhouse effect. As the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increases, more heat is retained, causing global warming

Compare and contrast the three main interactions between species in a community

Competition, predation, symbiosis.

Which of the following describes the effects of a density-dependent limiting factor? a. A forest fire kills all pine trees in a patch of forest b. Early rainfall triggers the explosion of a locust population c. Drought decimates a wheat crop d. Rabbits multiply, and their food supply begins to dwindle.

D

Which of the following sea creatures might be described as a pelagic animal of the aphonic zone? a. A coral reef fish b. A giant clam near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent c. An intertidal snail d. A deep-sea squid

D

all of organisms of an area along with the nonliving factors with which they interact

Ecosystem

What is one way in which the movement of energy and chemicals differ in an ecosystem?

Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled.

Organisms that consume producers are secondary consumers. T or F

False

Secondary succession occurs where a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil. T or F

False

If members of a species produce a large number of offspring but provide minimal parental care, then a Type ____ survivorship curve is expected. In contrast,, if members of a species produce few offspring and provide them with long-standing care, then a Type ______ survivorship curve is expected.

III; I

Name several abiotic factors that might affect the community of organisms living inside a home fish tank.

Light, water temperature, chemicals added

Place these levels of ecological study in order from the least to the most comprehensive: community ecology, ecosystem ecology, organismal ecology, population ecology.

Organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology

What three abiotic factors account for the rarity of trees in artic tundra?

Permafrost, very cold winters, and high winds

The formation of goose bumps on your skin in cold weather is an example of a(an) ____ response, while seasonal migration is an example of a(an) _____ response.

Physiological; behavioral

What populations of organisms are most likely to survive climate change via evolutionary adaptation?

Populations of organisms that have high genetic variability and short life spans

Match each organism with its trophic level. Grass Mouse Fungus Eagle

Producer primary consumer decomposer secondary consumer

Which of the following describes the effects of a density-dependent limiting factor?

Rabbits multiply and their food supply dwindles.

What two values would you need to know to figure out the human population density of your community?

The number of people and the land area in which they live

Describe the greenhouse effect.

The warming of the atmosphere caused by carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases that absorb heat radiation and slow its escape from Earth's surface.

Global warming has made ocean water more acidic. T or F

True

Why are there fewer organisms at the top of an ecological pyramid?

When energy flows through the trophic levels of an ecosystem, much of it is lost at each link in the food chain. Only a tiny fraction of the energy stored by photosynthesis flows through the food chain to a tertiary consumer. There is not enough energy at the very top of an ecological pyramid to support many organisms

Under the biological species concept, what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species?

ability to interbreed and produce fertile offsprin

a nonliving component of an ecosystem

abiotic

What human activity is responsible for the greatest amount of deforestation?

agriculture

The organisms that can convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants are ______.

bacteria

the global ecosystem

biosphere

We are on a coastal hillside on a hot, dry summer day among evergreen shrubs that are adapted to fire. We are most likely standing in a ______ biome

chaparral

all the organisms of different species inhabiting a particular area

community

Which of these organisms convert organic matter to inorganic matter by breaking down dead organisms?

decomposers

a specific environment in which an organism lives

habitat

Which life history pattern is typical of invasive species?

opportunistic

a group of individuals of one species in the same area at the same time

population