Chapter 12: pregnancy and Birth
What is Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
(IVF) or the creation of a test-tube baby
what are some ways that our bodies are "biologically programmed" in many ways to help pregnancy occur?
-a woman's sexual desire peaks during ovulation and the mucus plug that usually blocks the cervix disappears during ovulation and the cervical mucus becomes thinner. -The female orgasm may also help pull sperm to the uterus and towards the fallopian tubes -Semen Thickens to help stay inside of the vagina, and then liquefies after about 20 minutes
Infertility effects ________% of couples worldwide
15% to 20% of couples worldwide
How long until normal menstrual period returns after miscarriage
3 months
a female woman who does not use contraception will become pregnant _________% of the time A. 55% B. 20% C. 60% D. 30%
A fertile women who does not use contraception will become pregnant 30% of the time
When does the fetus move into a :heads-down: position in the uterus referred to as engagement?
A few weeks before delivery
A full term pregnancy is _______ weeks long' therefore, each trimester is approximately __________to_________weeks long.
A full-term pregnancy is actually 40 weeks; therefore, each trimester is approximately 12 to 15 weeks long
Major risks of fertility drugs
A major risk of the use of fertility drugs has been the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome because the drugs stimulate the ovaries to produce more ova -This has raised concern about the possible correlation between the use of fertility drugs and the development of breast or ovarian cancer
how do males and females deal with a miscarriage differently?
A miscarriage can be emotionally difficult for both a woman and her partner, although research has found that male partners experience less intense emotional symptoms tha female partners for a shorter period of time
Spontaneous Abortion
A miscarriage, is a natural termination of a pregnancy before the time that fetus can live on its own.
when is the ovum referred to as a zygote?
After fertilization, the fertilized ovum is referred to as a zygote
Birthing poritions
Although women can assume a variety or positions during childbirth, the dominant position in Westernized countries is the semi reclined position with a woman's feet up in the stirrups
What is Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis can also determine, among other things the chromosomal sex of the fetus
What is amniotic fluid?
Amniotic fluid: supports the fetus, protects it from shock, and also assists in fetal lung development
As the birth day approaches, many women, and men feel very ________, _________, and ___________ about what is to come
As the birth day approaches, many women, and men feel very anxious, nervous, and excited about what is to come
Who has the lowest rates of infertility?
Asian women has the lowest rates of infertility
At birth, an infant on overage weighs ______ and is _______inches long
At birth, an infant on overage weighs 7.5 and is 20 inches long
Before the 19th century, _________% of all women with ectopic pregnancies died. By the end of the 20th century, fewer than ________% of women with ectopic pregnancies died
Before the 19th century, 50% of all women with ectopic pregnancies died. By the end of the 20th century, fewer than 5% of women with ectopic pregnancies died
Between 70% and 90% of all pregnant women experience some form of _______________, _____________, or both during pregnancy.
Between 70% and 90% of all pregnant women experience some form of nausea, vomiting, or both during pregnancy.
births dropped to an all-time low in what age group, and rose in what age group? A. 30; 20-33 B. 40; 30-44 C. 30; 30-44 D. None of the Above
Birth rates dropped to an all time lows among women under the age of 30, they rose in women 30-44
Birth rates to teenagers have decreased ________since 2007, while birthrates to women age 40-44 increased _________ A. 46%; 15% B. 22%; 12 C. 50%; 40%
Birth rates to teenagers have decreased 46% since 2007, while birthrates to women age 40-44 increased 15%
First Trimester: prenatal Development
By the end of the first month of pregnancy, the fetal heart is formd and begins to pump blood. ~The circulatory system is the first organ system to function in the embryo ~Many of the other major systems develop, including the digestive system, beginning of the brain, spinal cord, nervous system, muscles, intestines, and lungs have begun to develop ~In addition, circulatory, and urinary systems are operating, and the reproductive organs have developed ~By the end of the first trimester, the fetus weighs 0.5 ounces and is approximately 3 inches long ~The fetal heartbeat can usually be heard through ultrasound by the end of the first trimester
By the fourth week of pregnancy, the placenta covers _______________of the wall of the uterus 5 months, the placenta covers _____________of the uterine wall
By the fourth week of pregnancy, the placenta covers 20% of the wall of the uterus 5 months, the placenta covers 50% of the uterine wall
Common symptoms of miscarriage include...
Common symptoms of miscarriage include vaginal bleeding, cramps, and lower back pain.
What are Intracellular Sperm Injections
Couples who experience sperm problems or ova that are resistant to fertilization may use intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). ~This involves injecting a single sperm into the center of an ovum under a microscope.
What is couvade
Couvade: a condition in which a partner experiences the symptoms of the pregnant woman. ~These symptoms include, nausea, vomiting, increased or decreased appetite, diarrhea, or abdominal bloating.
Is cunnilingus safe when pregnant?
Cunnilingus can also be safely engaged in during pregnancy; but air should never be blown into the vaginabecause it will cause an air embolism, which would be fatal to both the mother and the child
what is the difference between dizygotic and monozygotic twins?
Dizygoic are fraternal and non genetically identical, and monozygotic are identical and are genetically identical
During a woman's first trimester, sexual interest is often __________
During a woman's first trimester, sexual interest is often decreased because of physical changes, including nausea and fatigue.
First Trimester: Changes in the Pregnant Mother
During the first few weeks of pregnancy, a woman's body adjusts to increased levels of estrogen and progesterone ~This can cause fatigue, breast tenderness, constipation, increased urination, and nausea or vomiting ~Some women experience nausea or vomiting so severe that they have to be hospitalized for a lack of nutrition and weight loss
what genetic materials do sperm provide?
Each sperm contains 23 chromosomes, including X or Y sex chromosomes, which will determine whether or not the baby is male or female
What is Embryo cryopreservation?
Embryo cryopreservation: the freezing of embryos for later use
From the second through the eighth weeks, the developing human is referred to as an _____?
Embryo: The developing organism from the second to the eighth week of gestation.
Emotional reactions to infertility
Emotional reactions can include depression, anxiety, self-blame, guilt, frustration, and fear. - Overall women tend to have more of an emotional response to infertility and are more willing to confide in someone about their infertility than men are
False-negative could occur after the __________ week of pregnancy when the hGG levels drop
False-negative could occur after the 12th week of pregnancy when the hGG levels drop
Fathers role in History
For many years, fathers were told to wait in the waiting room
What is gestational surrogacy?
Gestational surrogacy: an embryo is created through IVF and is transferred into another woman called a surrogate mother ~ resulting child is not related to surrogate mother
When does identical twins occur?
Identical twins occurs when a single zygote completely divides into two separate zygotes. This process produces twins who are genetically identical and are referred to as monozygotic twins
What is Breech Position
If a baby's feet or butt are first (breech position) the physician may either try to rotate the baby before birth or recommend a C-section
In 2012, only _______% of births took place outside of a hospital; of these, most occurred in a residence.
In 2012, only 1.4% of births took place outside of a hospital; of these, most occurred in a residence.
In 2015 premature birth occurred 1 in every _______births
In 2015 premature birth occurred 1 in every 10 births
Ectopic pregnancy
In an ectopic pregnancy, the zygote implants outside of the uterus
Fathers role among other cultures
In bangledesh, father are supposed to take a role in the birth
how do you get conjoined twins?
In rare cases, the zygote fails to divide completely and you get conjoined twins
How do you get triplets or quadruplets?
In some cases, many ovum are released and fertilized and you get like triplets, or quadruplets, ect... ~The number of multiple births has increased, mainly due to the increase in fertility treatments
Where are most babies born
In the US the majority of babies today are born in hospitals.
fertilization usually takes places where? A. Uterus B. Fallopian Tube C. Ampulla D. Ran out of ideas
In the ampulla
Which is more common in the US, traditional or gestational surrogacy?
In the united states, gestational surrogacy is more common than traditional surrogacy
What is traditional surrogacy?
In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate is artificially or naturally impregnated and the resulting child is genetically related to the surrogate
Third Trimester (time)
Includes the final weeks of pregnancy (weeks 29-40) and ends with the birth of a child. The fetus gains both fat and deposits and muscle mass during this period
The second trimester (time)
Includes the second 15 weeks of pregnancy (weeks 14 - 28)
Infants born at___________ weeks gestation have a greater than 50% chance of survival More than half that survive have complications
Infants born at 24 weeks gestation have a greater than 50% chance of survival More than half that survive have complications
What is Gamete and Zygote Intrafallopian Tube Transfer (GIFT)
Is similar to IVF in that ova and sperm are prepared in an artificial environment, however, after this occurs, both the ova and sperm are placed in the fallopian tube before fertilization.
It is estimated that 1 in every _______babies is born with a birth defect
It is estimated that 1 in every 33 babies is born with a birth defect
It is estimated that there are more than _____million miscarriages each year in the US with the majority occurring before 20 weeks of pregnancy
It is estimated that there are more than 1 million miscarriages each year in the US with the majority occurring before 20 weeks of pregnancy
Male infertility can be caused by....
Male infertility can be caused by exposure to many environmental toxins, including bisphenol A (BPA), mercury, paint solvents, lead, video display terminals, and computers Shift work and work-related stress can significantly increase the risk for male infertility
what is microscoping
Medical procedures for selection include "microscopping" which is separating the X and Y sperm followed.
When can miscarriages occur?
Miscarriages can occur anytime during a pregnancy, although the percentage declines dramatically after the first trimester
More babies are conceived in the ___________ months and in late ________________.
More babies are conceived in the summer months and in late December
What causes morning sickness?
Morning sickness is due to an increased amount of estrogen and progesterone
What kind of pain relievers do women get from doctors during childbirth?
Most common pain medication is analgesics (pain relievers) and anesthetics (which produce loss of sensation). Which drug depends on the mothers preference, health history, and present condition and the baby's condition
______% percent of ectopic pregnancies occur when the fertilized ovum implants in the fallopian tube
Ninety-five percent of ectopic pregnancies occur when the fertilized ovum implants in the fallopian tube
______% of fetuses are in Engagement position ("heads-down") at birth
Ninety-seven percent of fetuses are in this position at birth
Pregnancy tests determine whether a woman is pregnant by looking for certain pregnancy markers in her urine or blood like...
One of these markers is human chorionic gonadotropin (the hormone that stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy
Only ___% of american babies are born on the actual due date
Only 4% of american babies are born on the actual due date
What is Ova cryopreservation?
Ova cryopreservation: The freezing of the ova for later use Beneficial to freeze ova for women who want to wait to get pregnant and pursue education or a career or something.
What should you avoid when pregnant?
Physicians recommend avoiding several substances during pregnancy. Including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs.
What is surrogate parenting
Popular option for both heterosexual couples who cannot carry pregnancy to term and for same-sex couples. There are two types of surrogate parenting: gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy
Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy
Possible symptoms include cramping, pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, nausea, dizziness and fainting
What is Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is another procedure that can identify chromosomal sex after conception
Premature birth accounts for _____% of infant deaths worldwide
Premature birth accounts for 28% of infant deaths worldwide
what happens when a sperm reaches he egg?
Several sperm may swarm the egg, but only one will fertilize it Sperm secretes a chemical that bores a hole through the outer layer of the ovum, allowing it to penetrate the ovum for fertilization The outer layer of the ovum immediately undergoes a physical change, making it impossible for any other sperm to enter This entire process takes about 24 hours
How can Sex during pregnancy cause complications>
Sexual behavior during pregnancy is safe in an uncomplicated pregnancy, but sometimes, it can cause painful uterine contractions, especially toward the end of pregnancy towards the end of pregnancy
Sexual interest and satisfaction often _________________during the second trimester
Sexual interest and satisfaction often increases during the second trimester and then begins to decrease again as the women and fetus grow during the third trimester
Who uses assisted reproductive technology (ARTS)?
So many couples - married, unmarried, straight, lesbian, gay, transgender, young, and old - used assisted reproductive technology (ARTS)
What results in fraternal twins?
Sometimes a women may release two eggs, and they can both be fertilized, and this will result in fraternal twins. These twins are dizygotic
What is Sperm cryopreservation?
Sperm cryopreservation: The freezing of sperm for later use
Survival rates for ectopic pregnancy
Survival rates are improving, even though ectopic pregnancy remains the leading cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester
what is the Umbilical Cord
The Umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta.
How quickly does the blastocyst divide?
The blastocyst will divide in two every 12 to 15 hours, doubling in size
The ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm soon develop into what?
The ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm soon develop into all the bodily tissues.
When does the first cell division occur?
The first cell division occurs approximately 12 hours after the genetic materials form the sperm and ovum join together ~at this point the cluster of cells is called the blastocyst
Causes for male infertility
The majority of male infertility is due to problems with sperm production, including low sperm counts, poor sperm quality, or both. Infertility can also be caused by past infections with gonorrhea, chlamydia, or pelvic inflammatory disease
Causes for female infertility
The most common causes for female infertility include ovulation disorders, blocked Fallopian tubes, endometriosis, structural uterine problems, or excessive uterine fibroids.
What is the most common chromosomal birth defect
The most common chromosomal abnormality appears on the 21st chromosome and is known as Down Syndrome
what is the most common sign that a woman is pregnant?
The most common sign, is missing a period.
What is the placenta?
The placenta, which is a portion that is attached to the uterine wall, supplies nutrients to the developing fetus, aids in respiratory and excretory functions, and secretes hormones necessary for the continuation of the pregnancy
What is artificial Insemination
The process of introducing sperm into a woman's reproductive tract without vaginal intercourse. -popular for both heterosexual and sam-sex couples
What is motherhood mandate ?
The term Motherhood mandate refers to the idea that something is wrong with a woman if she does not play a central role in caregiving and childcare
There are also more babies born between the hours of ______ and ________ a.m.
There are also more babies born between the hours of 1 and 7 a.m., and again this is thought to have evolved because of the increased protection and decreased chances of predator attacks
Theories on morning sickness
This is believed to help protect the fetus from food-borne illness and chemicals in the food during the first trimester - aka the most critical time in fetal development. Morning sickness is often worse in the morning because there isnt any food in the stomach to counter it effects, although it can happen at any time of the day.
pregnancy is divided into how many trimesters?
Three.
Towards the end of the pregnancy, approximately_____________gallons of blood will pass through the placenta each day.
Towards the end of the pregnancy, approximately 75 gallons of blood will pass through the placenta each day.
Historically, women have been blamed for infertility problems, and until recently, men were not even considered a possible part of the problem (True/false)
True
There are tests to predict disabilities (True/False)
True
When a woman becomes pregnant, her whole system changes. Her heart pumps more blood her weight increases, her lungs and digestive system works harder, and her thyroid gland grows. All of this encourages the fetus to grow (true/False)
True.
Several countries around the world, such as india or Taiwan, parents go to extremes to ensure they get a male child. (True/False)
True.Male children are favored due to their ability to take care of their parents later in life
What are the most common forms of pregnancy tests
Urine pregnancy tests are the most common form of pregnancy test
Why do people use ARTS
Used these because, they have infertility issues, to get pregnant without a partner, or with a same sex partner
What are Oocyte and Embryo Transplants
Women who are not able to produce healthy ova because of ovarian failure or age-related infertility, and same-sex couples, may use oocyte (egg) and embryo donation. Oocyte donation involves using donor ova, whereas older women use donor ova. This is because the risk of miscarriage is higher in women in older age groups who use their own ova
Can women exercise when preggers?
Yes, Many physicians strongly advise light exercise during pregnancy; it has been found to result in greater sense of well0being, enhanced mood, shorter labor, and fewer obstetric problems
What is Zygote intrafallopian tube Transfer (ZIFT)
Zygote intrafallopian tube Transfer (ZIFT) is similar to IVF in hat the sperm and ova are allowed to fertilize outside of the body. However, after fertilization the zygote is placed into the fallopian tube (similar to GIFT), which allows it to travel to the uterus and implant naturally.
Soon, a membrane called the _______________ begins to grow over the developing embryo.
amnion - full of amniotic fluid
How much do sperm donors typically cost?
between $200 to $600
how much should a woman increase her calorie intake when pregnant
by 300 calories a day
What is a Blastocyst
cluster of cells after first cell division
What is pseudocyesis
false pregnancy - when a woman believes that she is pregnant when she is not, and can experience similar symptoms like missed period, weight gain, and morning sickness
The Journey Of the Blostocyst
genetic materials from the sperm and the ovum join together to create the blastocyst -The blastocyst will divide in two every 12 to 15 hours, doubling in size -The cilia on the fallopian tubes gently push the blastocyst towards the uterus -The blastocyst enters the utherus anywhere from 3 to 4 days after conception. On the sixth day after fertilization, the uterus secretes a chemical that dissolves the hard covering around the blastocyst, allowing it to implant on the uterine wall -Implantation involves a series of complex interactions between the lining of the uterus and the developing embryo, and usually occurs 5 to 8 days after fertilization -After implantation the blastocyst splits into two layers of cells, the ectoderm, and the endoderm
What can alleviate anxiety about the birth process?
increasing knowledge
Early symptoms of pregnancy
missed period, breast tenderness, frequent urination, and morning sickness. Also spotting
non-Hispanic black women were more likely to experience infertility than _____________________?
non-Hispanic black women were more likely to experience infertility than non hispanic white women
Effects of light exercise when pregnant
studies have found that maternal exercise may improve brain and memory functioning in unborn children
Couples can use timing and pH-level adjustments to the vaginal environment (douches) to increase the concentration of X or Y sperm (true/False)
true.Y sperm swim faster and thrive in an alkaline environment It is recommended a couple should have sex close to ovulation, and douche with a mixture of baking soda and water X sperm tend to live longer and thrive in an acidic environment For a girl, a couple should time intercourse 2 to 3 days before ovulation and douche with a mixture of vinegar and water
Stages of Childbirth: Stage Two
~After the cervix has fully dilated, the second stage of birth, the expulsion of the fetus, begins ~Contractions are somewhat less intense, lasting about 60 seconds and spaced at 1 to 3 minute intervals ~Towards the end of this stage the doctor may perform an episiotomy to reduce the risk for a tearing of the tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus as the fetus emerges ~As the woman pushes during the contractions, the top of the head of the baby soon appears at the vagina, which is known as crowning ~Once the face emerges, the mucus and fluid in the mouth and nostrils are removed by suction -The baby emerges and after the first breath, usually lets out a cry directly after birth many physicians and midwives place the newborn directly on the mother's chest to begin bonding process - sometimes the other partner will get first holdzzz
Stages of Childbirth
~Birth itself begins with the cervical effacement and dilation, which leads to expulsion of the fetus and then expulsion of the placenta
Problems during births: Premature Births
~Birth that takes place before the 37th week is considered premature
Third Trimester: prenatal development
~By the end of the seventh month, the fetus begins to develop fat deposits. ~The fetus can react to pain, light, and sounds. ~Some fetuses develop occasional hiccups or begin to such their thumbs ~If a baby is born at the end of the seventh month there is a good chance of survival In the eighth month, the majority of the organ systems are well developed, although the brain continues to grow ~By the end of the eighth month, the fetus is 15 inches long and weighs about 3 pounds ~During the third trimester, there is often stronger and more frequent fetal movement, which will slow down towards the ninth month ~At birth, an infant on overage weighs 7.5 and is 20 inches long
Stages of Childbirth: Stage One
~Can last anywhere from 20 minutes to 24 hours ~Braxton-Hicks contractions get worse ~Cervix begins to dilate (opening up_ and effacement (thinning out) to allow for fetal passage ~Throughout the first stage, the cervix increases from 0 to 10 centimeters to allow for the passage of the fetus ~Towards the end the embryonic sac ruptures ~Contractions may last for about 30 to 60 minutes at all intervals between 5 and 20 minutes and the cervix usually dilated to 4 to 5 centimeters ~The contractions eventually begin to last longer (1 minute or more), become more intense, and increase in frequency )every 1 to 3 minutes) ~Dilation of the cervix continues from 4 to 8 centimeters ~The last phase in stage on eis Transition, which for most women is the most difficult part of childbirth ~Contractions are very intense and long and have shorter periods in between, and the cervix dilates from 8 to 10 centimeters ~The fetus moves into the base of the pelvis, creating an urge to push; however, the woman is advised not to push until her cervix is fully dilated ~The woman's body produced pain-reducing hormones called endorphins, which may dull the intensity of the contractions She can also be given pain medications
What is inducing birth
~Drugs given to induce contractions can be more painful and prolonged than natural labor ~Some women want to do it for nonmedical purposes, like to avoid a holiday or something
Second Trimester: Changes in Pregnant Mother
~Fatigue may continue, as well as increased appetite, heartburn, edema (ankle or leg swelling), and a noticeable vaginal discharge. ~Skin pigmentation changes can occur on the face ~As the uterus grows larger and the blood circulation slows down, constipation and muscle cramps bother some omen ~Internally the cervix turns a deep red, almost violet color because of the increased blood supply ~As the pregnancy progresses, the increasing size of the uterus and the restriction of the pelvic veins can cause more swelling of the ankles. ~Many women report an increased sex drive during the second trimester and for most couples it is a period of high sexual satisfaction
When can you try again after having a miscarriage
~Historically, healthcare providers recommend you wait 6 to 24 months before you try again, ~studies have found that women who started trying to conceive at 3 months were more likely to become pregnant and experience fewer complication rates than those who waited longer to get pregnant ~Even so, some women and their partners need time to emotionally heal after a miscarriage - they may choose to wait longer to conceive again
Causes for spontaneous abortions
~In a significant number of miscarriages, there is some chromosomal abnormalities. ~In other cases, in which there are no chromosomal problems, the uterus may be too small too weak, or abnormally shaped, or the miscarriage may be caused by maternal stress, nutritional deficiencies, drug exposure, or pelvic infection ~High levels of bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical in many plastics, has been shown to increase the risk for miscarriage
Birthing positions around the world
~In some rural areas of the sudan hang a rope from the ceiling and have the mother grasp the rope and bear down in a squatting position In thailand, a husband cradles his pregnant wife between his legs and digs his toes into her thighs -This toe pressure is used to provide relief from her pain
What is Toxemia
~In the last 2 to 3 months of pregnancy 6% to 7% of women experience toxemia or preeclampsia ~Symptoms include rapid weight gain, fluid retention and increase in blood pressure, and protein in the uterine ~if toxemia is allowed to progress, it can result in eclampsia, which involves convulsions, coma, and in approximately 15% of cases, death. ~Even though preeclampsia typically occurs at the end of pregnancy, research indicates that it may actually be caused by defective implantation or placental problems at the beginning of pregnancy ~Preeclampsia is a complication that occurs in approximately 3% of pregnancies
Third Trimester: Changes in Mother
~Many of the symptoms for the second trimester continue with constipation and heartburn increasing frequency. Backaches, leg cramps, increases in varicose veins, hemorrhoids, sleep problems, shortness of breath, and Braxton-Hicks contractions often occur. ~A thick yellowish liquid called colostrum may be secreted from the nipples as the breasts prepare to produce milk for breastfeeding ~Towards the end of the third trimester, many women feel an increase in apprehension about labor and delivery; impatience and restlessness are common
Nutritional requirements during pregnancy
~Nutritional requirements during pregnancy call for extra protein, iron, calcium, folic acid, and vitamin B6
The Partners Experience
~Partners are encouraged to participate in the birth. However, this was not always the case. ~Pregnancy can be a time of joy and anticipation for the partner of a pregnant woman, but it can also be a time of stress and anxiety, Feelings about parenting in combination with many changed their partners are undergoing can all add up to increased vulnerability
What is Rh Incompatibility
~The Rh factor naturally exists on some people's red blood cells - if your blood type if followed by + you are Rh positive often passes on his blood type to the baby ~If the baby's mother is Rh negative, any of the fetal blood that comes into contact with hers will cause her to begin to manufacture antibodies against the fetal blood
The Second Trimester: Prenatal Development
~The fetus grows dramatically during the second trimester and is 13 inches long by the end of the trimester ~The fetus has developed tooth buds and reflexes, such as suching and swallowing. ~Although sex of the fetus is determined at conception, it is not immediately apparent during development. ~If the fetus is positioned correctly during ultrasound, the sex may be determined as early as 16 weeks, although most of the time is is not possible until 20 to 22 weeks ~During the second trimester, soft hair, called lanugo, and a waxy substance known as vernix, cover the fetus's body. ~These may develop to protect the fetus from the constant exposure to the amniotic fluid ~By the end of the second trimester, the fetus will weight about 1.75 pounds ~If birth takes place at the end of the second trimester, the baby may be able to survive with intensive medical care
First Trimester (time)
~The first trimester includes the first 13 weeks of pregnancy (weeks 1-13)
Stages of childbirth: Stage Three
~The placenta is expelled from the uterus. Strong contractions after the baby is born push the placenta out of the uterus through the vagina ~Any tears will be needed to sewn up
What is downsydrome
~While most of us have 46 chromosomes, people with down syndrome have 47 ~A child with down syndrome often exhibits low muscle tone, a flat facial profile, slanted eyes, delayed mental and social development, and an enlarged tongue. ~Down syndrome occurs 1 in every 700 births
