Chapter 12
Research shows that parental monitoring is important for positive adolescent outcomes, but parental monitoring is in many ways dependent on adolescent management of information. When are adolescents likely to disclose information?
When parents engage in positive parenting practices, adolescents are more likely to disclose information. Disclosure increases when parents ask adolescents questions and when adolescents relationship with their parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality.
What did James Marcia propose determines an individual's identity status? What were the various statuses Marcia identified? Examples?
-Identity Diffusion: Status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. Not only are they undecided about Occupational and ideological choices, they are likely to show little interest in such matters -Identity Foreclosure: Status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own -Identity Moratorium: Status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent of are only vaguely defined -Identity Achievement: Status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment
What is the process of identity development?
-Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces. Identity development takes place in bits and pieces and decisions are not made once in for all, but again and again -Erikson believed that the search for identity during adolescence is aided by a psychosocial moratorium, which is Erikson's term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. During this period, children are able to experiment with different identities. If not resolved, identity confusion occurs which takes 1 or 2 courses. 1) individuals withdrawal: isolating themselves from peers and family or 2) immerse themselves in the world of peers and lose their identity to the crowd
What is the role of friendship in adolescence?
Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs. The need for intimacy increases during early adolescents which motivates teens to seek close friends. If they fail to do so, they could experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self worth. Adolescents also say they depend more on friends than on parents to satisfy their needs for companionship, reassurance of worth, and intimacy
What is the incidence of depression in adolescence? Are there gender differences in depression?
Major depressive disorder: 15-20% for adolescents. At age 15, females have a rate of depression twice of males. This is because females tend to ruminate on their depressed mood and amplify it. Females focus on body image more than males, they are discriminated more than males, and puberty occurs earlier
Describe the new model or parent-adolescent relationships.
The new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasized that parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world. It also emphasizes that in most families, parent-adolecent conflict is moderate.