chapter 12 sociology

The term religious economy refers to a. a theoretical framework within the sociology of religion that argues that religions can be fruitfully understood as organizations with a top-down management style. b. a set of sociological theories focusing on the role that economics plays in the development of world religions. c. the ways that religious institutions collect money, often through charity and tithes. d. an approach that sees religions as organizations in competition with one another for followers.

an approach that sees religions as organizations in competition with one another for followers.

Which theory of education argues that a high school diploma or college degree becomes a signaling device that matters more for predicting later attainment than what the student learned in school? a. functionalist theory b. hidden curriculum c. credentialism theory d. cultural capital

credentialism theory

Émile Durkheim's theory of religion is a good example of the _____ tradition in sociology. a. conflict theory c. interactionist b. feminist d. functionalist

functionalist

Primary schools began to be built in Europe and the United States a. in the seventeenth century. c. in the nineteenth century. b. in the eighteenth century. d. in the twentieth century.

in the nineteenth century.

Today, _____ of the population ages fifteen and older in the least-developed countries are illiterate. a. 3 percent c. 37 percent b. 17 percent d. 63 percent

37 percent

What is a trend that is occurring in the Catholic Church? a. The percent of Millennials that are Catholic is increasing. b. The percent of Catholics in the United States that are Hispanic is growing. c. More people are joining the Catholic Church than are leaving. d. Since 1975, more people are attending Mass every week.

The percent of Catholics in the United States that are Hispanic is growing.

Fernando believes it is the responsibility of Christians and the Catholic Church to be activists and advocates for the poor. This idea is referred to as a. Christian fundamentalism. c. religious nationalism. b. humanism. d. liberation theology.

liberation theology.

Mia is able to do simple addition. She is demonstrating a. prose literacy. c. basic literacy. b. quantitative literacy. d. document literacy.

quantitative literacy.

Sociologists have observed that authority relations in school are hierarchical and place strong emphasis on obedience. This is an example of a. the hidden curriculum. c. tracking. b. gender proximity. d. between-school effects.

the hidden curriculum.

Belief in one or more supernatural deities is known as a. supernatural belief. c. spiritual connection. b. theism. d. illusion.

theism.

Some sociologists are critical of tracking in schools because a. tracking tends to reproduce existing inequalities, including poverty. b. tracking is usually done inefficiently by contemporary schools. c. tracking creates hierarchies, which sociologists uniformly reject. d. tracking artificially inflates the middle class.

tracking tends to reproduce existing inequalities, including poverty.

Emma believes religious ceremonies and rituals are essential to unifying the members of groups. Her view most closely resembles that of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

Émile Durkheim.

What is a latent function of school? a. socializing children into a society's norms and values b. providing the knowledge and skills deemed to be culturally important c. teaching students to sit quietly for long hours and to respect authority d. developing a sense of national identity

teaching students to sit quietly for long hours and to respect authority

Karl Marx considered religion to be a. a force for human liberation. b. the primary means of organizing revolution. c. an incubator for new ideas. d. the "opium of the people."

the "opium of the people."

The term school has its origins in a Greek word meaning a. "leisure" or "recreation." c. "craftsmanship" or "hard work." b. "mastery." d. "accounting."

"leisure" or "recreation."

Until the first few decades of the nineteenth century, most of the world's population had no schooling whatsoever. According to the textbook, why did universal education develop? a. The church, then a powerful political institution, demanded public education as a means to transmit religious values. b. As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, there was a great demand for specialized schooling that could produce an educated, capable workforce. c. The demands of the peasantry for education could no longer be ignored because they challenged the hegemony of the nobility over education. d. Enlightenment values dictated that the populace at large must be educated.

As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, there was a great demand for specialized schooling that could produce an educated, capable workforce.

According to the Pew Research Center's 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, the largest number of Protestant households were a. Baptists. b. Methodists. c. Lutherans. d. Presbyterians.

Baptists.

Why do religious economists believe that competition among secular viewpoints and many religions leads to increased participation in religion in modern societies? a. Competition makes each religious group try harder to win followers, and the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone. b. Competition against secularism has shown that religious viewpoints have better explanatory power for life's basic problems. c. Religions that see themselves as in competition with one another are more likely to evolve into secular-style beliefs. d. Modern societies need multiple religions competing for the economy to function, providing untaxed incentives for belief.

Competition makes each religious group try harder to win followers, and the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone.

Which of the following findings, if discovered, would lend support for the religious economy perspective? a. A higher degree of secularization among the population leads to a greater degree of religiosity among those remaining, non-secular citizens. b. Religions with greater economic support, either from the state or its congregants, are better able to encourage religiosity among its followers. c. Countries with a single or small number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity. d. Countries that contain a greater number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity.

Countries that contain a greater number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity.

Why did Émile Durkheim believe that religion was useful for human societies? a. Durkheim felt that religions allowed our desires to be expressed in totems and repressed our baser instincts. b. Durkheim held that religion can be an agent of social change. c. Durkheim argued that religion has the function of cohering a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. d. Religion, according to Durkheim, allows the strong to assert ideological power over the weak, which leads to societal advancement and evolution.

Durkheim argued that religion has the function of cohering a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values.

Which group is MOST likely to vote for Trump? a. Mainline Protestants b. Evangelical Protestants c. Jews d. Catholics

Evangelical Protestants

Max Weber believed that _____ was the source of the capitalistic outlook found in the modern West. a. Buddhism c. materialism b. Protestantism d. Confucianism

Protestantism

In 2014, 1.9 percent of the U.S. population identified as Jewish. Why might this statistic be misleading? a. Surveys count everyone who has a Jewish mother—even if they have never practiced their religion. b. Surveys count only those that actively are participating in the religion. c. Surveys count everyone that is "culturally Jewish." d. There are multiple reasons why someone might identify or not identify as Jewish.

There are multiple reasons why someone might identify or not identify as Jewish.

Why did Max Weber largely disagree with Karl Marx's ideas on religion? a. Weber argued that religion was not necessarily a conservative force; rather, religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations. b. Weber held that religion, rather than being the "opium of the people," actually had the much more sinister effect of teaching the populace basic lessons about the repression of desire. c. Weber thought that Marx looked too much at society's structures when it came to religion and failed to account for daily life. d. Weber knew that religion was embedded in human culture and that it could not be reduced to the workings of the state.

Weber argued that religion was not necessarily a conservative force; rather, religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations.

Sociologists define religion as a. belief in one or more supernatural deities that provides a sense of meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural. b. a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices. c. an institution defined by a common mythology and an expectation of faith in one or more deities. d. a deeply ingrained connection with the divine.

a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices.

Yong believes that the story of the Ten Commandments that God gave to Moses is a mythical version of the origins of the moral precepts that govern the lives of Jewish and Christian believers. Yong would most likely call this process a. globalization. c. alienation. b. canonization. d. communization.

alienation.

Tatsuki is applying for a job that requires a bachelor's degree that thirty years ago required only a high school diploma. This example illustrates the growing impact of a. credentialism. c. universal education. b. professional socialization. d. status reinforcement.

credentialism.

Megan belongs to a small transient religious group that rejects the values of her sprawling city. Sociologists would likely refer to this as a a. church. c. denomination. b. sect. d. cult.

cult.

Tracking is the practice of a. dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of perceived ability. b. keeping tabs on students who have had run-ins with the law. c. cataloging where children are from and their immigration status. d. keeping a running account of the differences between boys and girls in core subjects, such as math and English.

dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of perceived ability

According to many sociological studies of educational inequality, what else must occur in order for educational reforms to be successful? a. teacher training reforms b. reforms focused on literacy c. economic reforms d. immigration reform

economic reforms

Adhira thinks that religion serves a function in society by cohering social groups under some common ideas and morals. Her views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

Émile Durkheim.

Religion has the function of uniting a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. This is most closely connected to the work of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Max Weber. d. Wade Clark Roof.

Émile Durkheim.

What has happened in recent years with respect to school segregation? a. Court decisions have strengthened the ability of schools to bus students. b. For Hispanics, there has been an increase in school segregation. c. Black and white students are no more likely to be in the same classrooms than they were decades ago. d. Racial segregation between school districts (as opposed to within districts) has decreased.

Black and white students are no more likely to be in the same classrooms than they were decades ago.

Identify the statement about education that aligns with functionalist theory. a. Education must teach the citizens of a nation the common tools necessary to succeed in that nation, such as language, literacy, and math. b. Educational requirements of employers are often about weeding out applicants rather than the necessary skills of the job. c. Schools that serve low-income students often focus on discipline and following instructions while schools that serve middle- and high-income students focus on creativity and critical thinking. d. Education allows students to develop a sense of self based on how their peers view them.

Education must teach the citizens of a nation the common tools necessary to succeed in that nation, such as language, literacy, and math.

According to Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis (1976), what brought about the expansion of education? a. Working people fought for universal education to improve their conditions. b. Employers needed certain personality characteristics in their workers—self-discipline, dependability, punctuality, obedience, and the like—which are all taught in schools. c. The state came to compete with the church as the agent of education. d. Enlightenment values demanded equal access to a good and stable education.

Employers needed certain personality characteristics in their workers—self-discipline, dependability, punctuality, obedience, and the like—which are all taught in schools.

What is a reason why many sociologists argued that Kozol's book Fire in the Ashes provides an inaccurate and incomplete view of educational inequality? a. Schools are not integral to the functioning of society and are therefore not worthy of empirical study. b. Young students cannot be trusted as respondents for sociological studies. c. Poor students are likely to lie about their educational experiences to fit into normative constructions of what it means to be educated. d. He had no systematic way in which he chose the schools he studied, which allowed for selection bias.

He had no systematic way in which he chose the schools he studied, which allowed for selection bias.

The owner of a small but thriving software company decides to sell her business and devote herself to meditation and spiritual awakening. According to Weber's theory of religion and commerce, which religious tradition does this decision represent? a. Confucianism b. Hinduism c. Protestantism d. Calvinism

Hinduism

Which event is an example of religious nationalism? a. the recent election of President Rouhani in Iran b. Europe's colonization of much of North Africa c. the rule of caliphs over the land stretching through Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East d. Iran's Islamic Revolution

Iran's Islamic Revolution

Why are some sociologists critical of the religious economy approach to looking at religious involvement? a. Sociologists think that economics is not a useful field to draw from. b. The approach assumes that people are largely forced into their religious beliefs and does not account for human choice and diversity. c. It overestimates the extent to which people rationally choose among different religions, as if they were shopping for a new car or a pair of shoes. d. Most sociologists think that economists should focus on hard economic data instead of human social behaviors.

It overestimates the extent to which people rationally choose among different religions, as if they were shopping for a new car or a pair of shoes.

Sofia believes that differences in achievement test scores reflect the children's backgrounds, not the material resources provided in schools. Her view most closely resembles the conclusions of which of the following studies? a. sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects" b. Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities c. James Coleman's studies on "between school effects" d. Randall Collins's studies of credentialism

James Coleman's studies on "between school effects"

_____ describes an activist Catholic religious movement that combines Catholic beliefs with a passion for social justice for the poor. a. Liberation theology c. Agnosticism b. Monasticism d. Asceticism

Liberation theology

Lukas believes that large differences in school funding leads to vastly different educational opportunities and outcomes. His view most closely mirrors which of the following studies? a. sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects" b. Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities c. James Coleman's studies on "between school effects" d. Randall Collins's studies of credentialism

Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities

Ali believes that religion diverts attention from injustices in this world by the promise of what is to come in the afterlife. His views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

Karl Marx.

Oliver thinks that religion provides justification for those in power to remain in power. His view most closely resembles that of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

Karl Marx.

Why was Karl Marx critical of religion? a. Marx felt that religions explained existence but provided no explanations for societal advancement. b. Marx believed that the world's economies were mere reflections of their respective religions. c. Marx thought that religion influenced humans to think more in terms of philosophy instead of hard science. d. Marx thought that religion represented human self-alienation.

Marx thought that religion represented human self-alienation.

Omar thinks that Christianity demands a constant struggle against sin and so can stimulate revolt against the existing order. His views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Peter Berger. d. Max Weber.

Max Weber

Hugo notes in his research that religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations. His views most closely resemble those of a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Wade Clark Roof. d. Max Weber.

Max Weber.

The theorist who saw religion as having the potential to bring social change was a. Émile Durkheim. c. Karl Marx. b. Max Weber. d. Wade Clark Roof.

Max Weber.

Which group is MOST likely to adopt a more flexible, humanistic approach to religious practice? a. Pentecostals b. Evangelicals c. Baptists d. Methodists

Methodists

This version of Judaism rejects most traditional practices and is progressive in its ritual practices. a. Orthodox Judaism b. Conservative Judaism c. Reform Judaism d. Judaism that rejects traditional practices cannot be called Judaism.

Reform Judaism

_____ is one of the oldest human institutions. a. School c. Large-scale private property b. The nation-state d. Religion

Religion

Why are sociologists so concerned with the social organization of religion? a. Religion is the primary source of the development of the economy, which sociologists consider the most important building block of any society. b. Religion is among the most important institutions in society and is a primary source of the deepest-seated norms and values. c. Sociologists view religion as a repressive force, and sociologists value open societies. d. Religion is the institution that determines our basic understandings of ourselves, such as gender, race, nationality, and other markers of identity.

Religion is among the most important institutions in society and is a primary source of the deepest-seated norms and values.

Why do researchers find it difficult to measure intelligence? a. Intelligence changes as young people and adults age. b. Intelligence is correlated with other characteristics. c. Tests are not sophisticated enough to measure unobservable characteristics. d. There are different forms of intelligence.

There are different forms of intelligence.

Daniel's mother worries about the environment at the local public school, so she teaches him at their house. This is an example of a. feminist pedagogy. c. home schooling. b. complimentary holism. d. the Marxist method.

home schooling.

Why did Max Weber believe Christianity contained possibilities for social change that Eastern religions did not? a. Weber thought Eastern religions were too focused on sin and salvation instead of experiencing the divine. b. Weber thought Christianity represented the top of the religious evolutionary chain and beat other religions because of its usefulness to human progress. c. Weber believed the religions of the East cultivated an attitude of passivity or acceptance within the believer, whereas Christianity demanded a constant struggle against sin and so could stimulate revolt against the existing order. d. Weber thought Christianity, with its focus on inner development, love, and acceptance of everyone, was suited for multicultural development.

Weber believed the religions of the East cultivated an attitude of passivity or acceptance within the believer, whereas Christianity demanded a constant struggle against sin and so could stimulate revolt against the existing order.

"Between-school effects" refers to a. how schools differ from one another. b. the effects of nighttime activities on learning. c. a comparison of wealthy and poor children and their educational opportunities. d. that crucial summer between high school and college.

how schools differ from one another.

According to the textbook, the increase in the number of adults who report no religious affiliation ("the rise of the nones") is largely explained by a. a lack of diversity in choices of religions. b. generational replacement, since more millennials are religiously unaffiliated. c. an overabundance of religious choices, which decreases the sacred quality of religion. d. a response to the rise in religious nationalism.

generational replacement, since more millennials are religiously unaffiliated.

One detailed review of nearly three dozen studies of student-teacher interactions found that a. teachers initiated more interactions with female students than with male students. b. teachers initiated interactions with female and male students at the same rate. c. interactions with male students were more likely to be negative than those with female students. d. interactions with male students were more likely to be positive than those with female students.

interactions with male students were more likely to be negative than those with female students.

The United States has a level of functional literacy that a. lags behind most other industrial countries. b. is above most other industrial countries. c. is equal to that of most other industrial countries. d. is not internationally comparable.

lags behind most other industrial countries.

From the findings of Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson's research, we can conclude that a. teachers interact with students who are expected to perform well in ways that put added stress on the student. b. students who are expected to perform well receive less attention from their teachers. c. students who are expected to perform well tend to live up to their teachers' expectations. d. students who are expected to perform well tend to develop a heightened sense of themselves as failures.

students who are expected to perform well tend to live up to their teachers' expectations.

As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, why was it impossible for work skills to be passed on directly from parents to children? a. general knowledge of physical, social, and economic environments became less important b. industrial work became more dangerous c. occupations became more specialized d. abstract learning became less important

occupations became more specialized

In Connie's family, bowls are just routine, everyday parts of life. Émile Durkheim would refer to these objects as a. religious economy. c. profane. b. sacred. d. preliterate.

profane.

Stephen thinks that the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone. This view reflects the idea of a. dialectical materialism. c. religious economy. b. idealism. d. sectarianism.

religious economy.

Jennifer believes that as a Christian she belongs to a group of people who are destined to bring the United States under God's rule as a Christian country. Her ideas are a form of a. secularism. c. religious nationalism. b. humanism. d. Marxism.

religious nationalism.

The linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny is called a. evangelicalism. c. fundamentalism. b. religious nationalism. d. ecumenicalism.

religious nationalism.

Joe's family has a candle that they light for particular religious ceremonies. It is seen as a special object, apart from everyday life, that is to be treated with special respect. Émile Durkheim would refer to this object as a. religious economy. c. profane. b. sacred. d. preliterate.

sacred.

Émile Durkheim defined religion in terms of a distinction between the _____ and the _____. a. clean; unclean c. sacred; profane b. lord; citizen d. prayerful; silent

sacred; profane

President Donald Trump's goal, spearheaded by Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, is to greatly expand _____: the ability of parents to use public funds, in the form of vouchers or tax credits, to enroll their children in various alternatives to public schools. a. socialization c. strong unions b. New Age techniques d. school choice

school choice

Journalist Jonathan Kozol notes in his 2012 book Fire in the Ashes that a. public school systems ensure equal access to educational opportunities. b. U.S. public schools have the best mathematics programs in the world. c. public schools overemphasize philosophy at the expense of more useful disciplines. d. schools that are just a few miles apart geographically offer vastly different educational opportunities.

schools that are just a few miles apart geographically offer vastly different educational opportunities.

Ella thinks that the rise in science, technology, and rational thought threatens religion. Some sociologists refer to this as a. religiosity. c. stoicism. b. secular thinking. d. theological thinking.

secular thinking.

Hassan's research shows a decline in religious belief and involvement among young people, weakening the social and political power of religious organizations. Sociologists refer to this process as a. secularization. c. socialization. b. fundamentalism. d. religious economy.

secularization.

A number of sociologists have argued that the hidden curriculum is the mechanism through which _____ occurs. a. informal learning c. social reproduction b. specialized learning d. tracking

social reproduction

The average lower IQ score of African Americans in the United States is remarkably similar to that of deprived ethnic minorities in other countries. This suggests that a. there are genetically driven intelligence differences between the groups. b. social, cultural, and economic factors explain variations in IQ. c. IQ tests do not really measure anything meaningful. d. IQ differences cannot really be changed.

social, cultural, and economic factors explain variations in IQ.

Amina believes that bright children learn more quickly and effectively in a group of others who are equally able and that clever students are held back if placed in mixed groups. Her view most closely resembles which of the following studies? a. sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects" b. Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities c. James Coleman's studies on "between school effects" d. Randall Collins's studies of credentialism

sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects"

Fatima thinks that much of what is learned in school has nothing directly to do with the formal content of lessons. Children spend long hours in school and get an early taste of what the world of work will be like, learning that they are expected to be punctual and apply themselves diligently to the tasks that those in authority set for them. Sociologists call this a. the three Rs. c. critical-thinking lessons. b. the school of hard knocks. d. the hidden curriculum.

the hidden curriculum.

Alienation can be described as a. the ways that humans relate to foreign and unfamiliar ideas, such that the foreign seems at odds with the familiar. b. the patterns of behavior that societies use to distinguish themselves from outsiders. c. the sense that our abilities as human beings are enhanced by God. d. the human tendency to attribute our own culturally created values and norms to divine forces or gods because we do not understand our own history.

the human tendency to attribute our own culturally created values and norms to divine forces or gods because we do not understand our own history.

In an article describing religiosity among Americans, what is the meaning of the "rise of the nones"? a. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say religion is not very important in their lives b. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion c. the increase in the proportion of middle-aged Americans who are nonreligious and do not have children d. the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they do not believe in God

the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion