Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System

The average weight of the adult brain is __________. 1-1.5 lbs 2-2.5 lbs 3-3.5 lbs over 5 lbs

3-3.5 lbs

Which of the following is not one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex? a) Brodmann areas b) Association areas c) Motor areas d) Sensory areas

A

Which part of the brain is the gateway to the cerebral cortex? a) mesencephalon b) thalamus c) pons d) hypothalamus

B

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. a) cranial fossa b) central sulcus c) lateral sulcus d) longitudinal fissure

C

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? a) cell bodies b) unmyelinated axons c) dendrites d) fiber tracts

D

Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning? a) midbrain b) pons c) reticular formation d) medulla oblongata

D

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? autonomic control regulation of sleep-wake cycles balance body temperature regulation food intake regulation

balance

Which type of brain waves are seen when a person is concentrating on solving a problem? delta waves alpha waves gamma waves theta waves beta waves

beta waves

Which of the following is NOT one of the basal nuclei? caudate nucleus corpus callosum putamen globus pallidum

corpus callosum

In which of the following areas do sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place? prefrontal cortex hypothalamus basal nuclei thalamic nuclei postcentral cortex

thalamic nuclei

Disorders of the _________result in either too much or too little movement, as exemplified by Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. a) basal nuclei b) diencephalon c) gray matter d) white matter

A

Which of the following best represents the motor areas of the cortex? a) Primary motor cortex; Premotor cortex; Broca's area; Frontal eye field b) Primary somatosensory cortex; Somatosensory association cortex; Visual areas c) Primary motor cortex; Premotor cortex; Brodmann areas; Gustatory cortex d) Broca's area; Brodmann areas; Auditory areas; Visual areas

A

Which of the following is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia? mad cow disease Huntington's disease Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. a) sympathetic ganglia b) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord c) the thalamus d) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord

B

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. a) fissures b) gyri c) sulci d) ganglia

B

The hypothalamus ________. a) is an important auditory and visual relay center b) is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature c) mediates sensations d) has the Pulvinar body as part of its structure

B

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. a) unmyelinated nerve fibers only b) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers c) myelinated nerve fibers only d) soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

B

Which association regarding the function and location of the cerebrum is most accurate? a) sensory-medial b) motor-anterior c) motor-medial d) sensory-anterior

B

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? a) entrance to the spinal cord b) visceral control center of the body c) motor command center d) gateway to the cerebellum

B

Which of the following best represents the motor areas of the cortex? a) Broca's area; Brodmann areas; Auditory areas; Visual areas b) Primary motor cortex; Premotor cortex; Broca's area; Frontal eye field c) Primary somatosensory cortex; Somatosensory association cortex; Visual areas d) Primary motor cortex; Premotor cortex; Brodmann areas; Gustatory cortex

B

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres? a) internal capsules b) commissures c) projection fibers d) association fibers

B

An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. a) spinal shock only b) hemiplegia c) paraplegia d) quadriplegia

C

Broca's area ________. a) is usually found in the right hemisphere b) serves the recognition of complex objects c) is considered a motor speech area d) corresponds to Brodmann's area 8

C

What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? a) conus medullaris b) lumbar enlargement c) cauda equina d) cervical enlargement

C

Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes? a) Gustatory cortex b) Visual association area c) Frontal eye field d) Primary visual cortex

C

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? a) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. b) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. c) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. d) No functional area of the cortex works alone.

C

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity? a) cerebellum b) diencephalon c) cerebral cortex d) brain stem

C

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________. a) corpus callosum b) corticospinal tracts c) cerebral cortex d) outer portion of the spinal cord

C

Declarative memory ________. a) usually involves motor skills b) is hard to unlearn when learned once c) is best remembered in the doing d) is the ability to learn specific information

D

Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area: a) do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly. b) do not understand language. c) cannot communicate through writing, nor can they speak. d) can understand language, but have difficulty speaking.

D

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. a) neuromotor junction b) spinal nerve roots c) lower motor neurons d) upper motor neurons

D

The central sulcus separates which lobes? a) temporal from parietal b) parietal from occipital c) frontal from temporal d) frontal from parietal

D

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? a) Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri. b) The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. c) Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci. d) The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

D

Which of the following regions of the brain provides for muscle coordination and memory in fast-paced, skilled movements? a) Medulla oblongata b) Pons c) Midbrain d) Cerebellum

D

Anencephaly is a result of incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and can be caused by inadequate folic acid in the maternal diet. True False

False

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

False

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

False

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the cerebral cortex? Its convoluted surface triples its surface area. It is composed of white matter. It is arranged in six layers. It accounts for 40% of the brain mass.

It is composed of white matter.

__________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities NOT shared by its partner. Lateralization Hemispherication Hemispherical association Cortical association

Lateralization

Deep brain stimulation via implanted electrodes has been used to treat some of the symptoms of __________. aphasia Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease anterograde amnesia

Parkinson's disease

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. midbrain pons cerebrum medulla

Pons

__________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers. The cerebral white matter The hypothalamus The thalamus Broca's area

The cerebral white matter

Choose the true statement regarding pyramidal cells. a) They integrate sensory input to produce an understanding of an object being felt. b) They are found within the cerebral sulci. c) They allow us to control our skeletal muscles. d) They provide control of our involuntary muscles.

They allow us to control our skeletal muscles.

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

True

Cerebral palsy may be caused by a temporary lack of oxygen during birth. True False

True

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

True

In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex.

True

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.

True

Spatial discrimination is the ability to identify the specific region of the body being stimulated. True False

True

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.

True

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

True

The term "cerebral dominance" designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language.

True

Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons. a) Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. b) Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the thalamus. c) Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. d) Second-order neurons conduct impulses to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse.

a) Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Which of the following does NOT describe the spinal cord tracts (pathways)? a) memory b) decussation c) relay d) somatotopy

a) memory

Reduced cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease is associated with a shortage of which neurotransmitter? dopamine serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine

acetylcholine

If you are having a conversation with a person, excuse yourself for five minutes, and come back, and the person no longer knows you, the person would be suffering from __________. epilepsy retrograde amnesia Huntington's disease anterograde amnesia

anterograde amnesia

Of the three meningeal layers that surround the CNS, which one is located in the middle? pia mater dura mater dural sinuses arachnoid mater

arachnoid mater

Which of the following meninges forms the loose, mid-layer brain covering? pia mater casa mater arachnoid mater dura mater

arachnoid mater

Which of the following best describes the multimodal association cortex? a) It permits the perception of sound stimuli and stores them for future reference. b) It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take. c) It regulates our heart and other involuntary muscles in response to environmental stimuli. d) It integrates sensory input to produce understanding of an object being felt.

b) It allows us to tie information that we receive to previous experience and knowledge and then helps us decide what action to take.

Which of the following statements concerning epilepsy is INCORRECT? a) It involves abnormal discharges from a group of brain neurons. b) It is associated with intellectual impairment. c) Most cases are caused by brain injuries, such as blows to the head, stroke, or infections. d) It can have a genetic factor. e) It affects < 5% of the population.

b) It is associated with intellectual impairment.

_________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures. a) Dura mater b) Cerebrospinal fluid c) Pia mater d) The blood-brain barrier

b) cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following protects the brain from bloodborne metabolic wastes and most drugs? cerebrospinal fluid blood brain barrier pia mater dura mater

blood brain barrier

Which of the following statements about language is INCORRECT? a) Patients who understand language but have difficulty speaking have lesions affecting Broca's area. b) Patients who can speak but produce nonsensical statements have a lesion in Wernicke's area. c) All the associated areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in language. d) Broca's and Wernicke's areas work together with the basal nuclei to form a single language implementation system.

c) All the associated areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in language.

Which of the following are located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter? a) interneurons that receive input from visceral sensory neurons b) cell bodies of somatic motor neurons c) cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons d) interneurons that receive input from somatic sensory neurons

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

The arbor vitae refers to ________. flocculonodular nodes the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum cerebellar white matter cerebellar gray matter

cerebellar white matter

Which of the following is NOT one of the major regions of the brain stem? pons midbrain cerebellum medulla oblongata

cerebellum

What structure produces cerebrospinal fluid? choroid plexus the pituitary gland mammillary body dura mater

choroid plexus

Which of the following is a function of the pons? a) provides motor signals to the red nucleus b) acts to regulate body temperature c) is a nucleus for the abducens nerve d) contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to cerebellum e) controls vomiting and coughing

d) contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to cerebellum

Working memory __________. a) stores only 5% of sensory input b) has limitless capacity c) stores memories immediately and permanently in the long-term memory d) is limited to seven or eight chunks of information

d) is limited to seven or eight chunks of information

What is the main role of the olfactory cortex? detection of odors sound interpretation spatial discrimination sight

detection of odors

Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei? a) processing of sensory information b) determining whether a person is left- or right-handed c) regulation of body temperature d) connecting corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex to enable them to function as a coordinated whole e) starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait

e) starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait

What cells line the ventricles of the brain? epithelial cells astrocytes neurons ependymal cells

ependymal cells

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? visceral command center decussation center executive suite motor command center

executive suite

The CNS starts differentiating from the neural tube in the developing embryo after week __________. two three four six

four

The central sulcus separates which lobes? temporal from parietal frontal from parietal frontal from temporal parietal from occipital

frontal from parietal

Acting as an excitotoxin, the main culprit in the damage caused by a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is __________. serotonin acetylcholine glutamate low levels of calcium

glutamate

Which of the following is the autonomic control center? medulla oblongata diencephalon pons hypothalamus midbrain

hypothalamus

Which of the following regulates body temperature, food intake, and endocrine functions? pineal body hypothalamus epithalamus thalamus

hypothalamus

Which part of the brain regulates thirst? cerebellum temporal lobe pons cerebral cortex hypothalamus

hypothalamus

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. medulla midbrain cerebrum pons

medulla

Which of the following regions acts as an autonomic reflex center of the brain? midbrain cerebellum medulla oblongata pons

medulla oblongata

The midbrain develops from which secondary brain vesicle? telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon

mesencephalon

People with __________ lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. narcolepsy epilepsy insomnia sleep apnea

narcolepsy

All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________. telencephalon neural tube hindbrain cerebellum

neural tube

Transection (cross sectioning) of the spinal cord at T3 results in __________. paresthesias spinal shock quadriplegia paraplegia

paraplegia

Which of the following is NOT a part of the diencephalon? epithalamus perithalamus hypothalamus thalamus

perithalamus

Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of ventral horn motor neurons? meningitis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis paraplegia poliomyelitis

poliomyelitis

All the following are functions of the amygdaloid body EXCEPT __________. memory resolving mental conflict recognition of fear assessment of danger

resolving mental conflict

Which part of the brain produces dopamine? red nucleus reticular formation pontine nuclei substantia nigra pineal gland

substantia nigra

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. gyrus sulcus furrow fissure

sulcus

Which of the following areas is NOT involved in speech processing? Wernicke's area superior colliculi lateral prefrontal cortex Broca's area

superior colliculi

Which of the following coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object? inferior colliculi pneumotaxic center superior colliculi red nucleus substantia nigra

superior colliculi

The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex is involved in the conscious perception of all the following EXCEPT __________. a) the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath b) full bladder c) taste d) upset stomach

taste

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. parietal lobe temporal lobe prefrontal lobe frontal lobe

temporal lobe

The sensory hallucinations experienced by epileptic patients are known as __________. a tonic-clonic seizure the aura an absence seizure a petit mal seizure

the aura

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic regions of a cerebral hemisphere? the basal nuclei the superficial cortex of gray matter the internal white matter the diencephalon

the diencephalon

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning (rather than executing) movement? the posterior lobe the intermediate parts of each hemisphere the anterior lobe the lateral part of each hemisphere

the lateral part of each hemisphere

Which of the following landmarks separates the cerebral hemispheres? the central sulcus septum pellucidum the longitudinal fissure the transverse cerebral fissure

the longitudinal fissure

In which part of the cerebral cortex do sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together to form our personality? the premotor cortex the primary sensory cortex the multimodal association areas the motor cortex

the multimodal association areas