Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System

The rhombencephalon constricts and forms what?

- Metencephalon (after brain) - Myelencephalon (spinal brain)

What does the proencephalon develop into?

- Telencephalon (end brain) - Diencephalon (interbrain)

What are the 3 broad categories of the multimodel association area?

1. Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) 2. Posterior Association Area (Temporal, Parietal, & Occipital Lobes) 3. Limbic Association Area (Cingulate & Parahippocampal Gyri & Hippocampus)

What are the 3 directions of white matter tracts and fibers?

1. Association fibers 2. Commissural fibers 3. Projection fibers

What are the three basic regions of the Cerebral hemispheres?

1. Cerebral cortex 2. White matter 3. Basal Nuclei

What are the 3 types of commissures of the commissural fibers?

1. Corpus Callosum 2. Anterior commissures 3. Posterior commissures

What are three types of ventricles?

1. Lateral ventricles 2. Third ventricles 3. Fourth ventricles

What are the three functional areas (domains) of the cerebral cortex?

1. Motor areas 2. Sensory areas 3. Association areas

What are the 4 motor areas?

1. Primary motor cortex 2. Premotor complex 3. Broca's area 4. Frontal eye field

List the 8 Sensory Areas all together:

1. Primary somatosensory cortex 2. Somatosensory association cortex 3. Visual areas 4. Auditory areas 5. Vestibular cortex 6. Olfactory cortex 7. Gustatory cortex 8. Visceral sensory area

What are the three primary brain vesicles form from the anteriorly expanded neural tube?

1. Proencephalon - forebrain 2. Mesenchephalon - mid brain 3. Rhombenchephalon - hind brain

How are white matter tracts classified?

According to the direction they run

The most complicated multimodal association area, including: Intellect, learning, recall, and personality

Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex)

The less prominent examples of commissures

Anterior and Posterior commissures

What embryonic structure does the CNS begin as?

As the Neural tube

Found within a single hemisphere, connects different parts of the same hemisphere

Association fibers

Primary auditory cortex and auditory association area

Auditory Areas

Islands of gray matter deep in white matter

Basal Nuclei

Masses of gray matter that is deep to the cortex

Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made of?

Brain and Spinal cord

Motor area that is the speech area

Broca's area

What forms tracts?

Bundles of myelinated fibers

What are the major landmarks separated by?

Central sulcus, parietal-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus

A collection of neural tissue at head forming the brain

Cephalization

Superficial gray matter that is 2-4 mm thick; is the "Executive suite" of billions of neurons in 6 layers with many area increasing convolutions

Cerebral Cortex

Region that is deep to the gray matter that is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers

Cerebral White Matter

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

Cerebral aqueduct in midbrain

Superficial gray matter; looks gray in fresh brain tissue

Cerebral cortex

The superior portion of the brain that makes up 83% of the mass

Cerebral hemispheres

What kind of fluid fills the central canal?

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Found between hemispheres, contains commissures that connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres; allow the two hemispheres to function as a whole

Commissural fibers

What are the two types of convolutions (many coils and twists) do the cerebral hemispheres have?

Gyri and Sulci

Where do all other descending motor tracts issue from?

The brain stem

What part of the neural tube will remain?

The central canal

The hemispheres have almost instantaneous communication with one another through what?

The connecting fiber tracts

What does the Diencephalon develop into?

Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, & retina

At the top of the brain stem, the projection fibers form a compact band, or _______ ________

Internal Capsule

Cortical neurons are what type of neurons? *cortical - of or pertaining to the cortex

Interneurons

What connects the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle?

Interventricular foramen

How does the Multimodel association cortex contribute to interpretations and memory?

It gives meaning to input, makes memories, ties to past experiences, and decides what action to take based on theses experiences

Ventricles that are C shaped in each hemisphere and are close together anteriorly

Lateral ventricles

The division of labor between the two hemispheres is known as...

Lateralization

Although largely symmetrical in structure, the two hemispheres are not entirely equal in function. What is this termed as?

Laterlization

Which hemisphere is typically dominant in control over math, language, and logic?

Left Hemisphere

Area dealing with emotion and memory; part of the limbic system

Limbic Association Area

Median fissure that separates the cerebral hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

What are two types of fissures that separate large regions of the brain? (fissure-deep grooves)

Longitudinal fissure and Transverse Cerebral fissure

What does Myelencephalon develop into?

Medulla Oblongata

What does the Mesencephalon develop into?

Midbrain

What make up the brain stem?

Midbrain, Pons, & Medulla Oblongata

Controls voluntary movement and lies in the posterior part of the frontal lobes

Motor areas

Inputs from multiple areas and outputs to multiple areas

Multimodal Association Area

Neural fold cells _______ to form the neural _____, which will account for much of the PNS and many other structures

Neural fold cells MIGRATE to form the neural CREST, which will account for much of the PNS and many other structures

The conscious behavior involves the entire cortex, meaning that not a single section of the cortex acts ______. What is the termed as?

No single section acts ALONE Known as Gross oversimplification

Primary Olfactory Cortex Part of Rhinencephalon

Olfactory cortex

Each hemisphere can be better at different functions, but as a whole....

One hemisphere does not function better than the other

What does the Metencephalon develop into?

Pons and Cerebellum

Area pertaining to patterns and facial recognition and "Self in space"

Posterior Association Area (Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital Lobes)

Orientation eye and head movements

Premotor cortex

General sensory receptors and proprioceptors

Primary motor complex

Receives information from the general sensory recptors in the skin and from proprioceptors *proprioceptors - position sense receptors

Primary somatosensory cortex

Run vertically, found at the top of the brain stem and project into or out of the Cerebrum

Projection fibers

Large cortical neurons that are multipolar; conscious allow us to have conscious of precise or skilled voluntary movement of skeletal muscle; projects to spinal cord

Pyrimidal cells

Which hemisphere has greater control over visual-spatial skill, intuition, emotion, and artistic skill?

Right Hemisphere

What do the primary brain vesicles give rise to?

Secondary brain vesicles

Areas concerned with conscious awareness of sensation located in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes

Sensory Areas

What is the general flow of information?

Sensory Receptors-->Primary Sensory Cortex-->Sensory Association Area-->Multimodal Association Area

What are the Lateral ventricles separated by?

Septum Pellucidum "transparent wall"

Integrates sensory inputs (temperature, pressure, etc.)

Somatosensory association cortex

Shallow grooves separating Gyri

Sulci

What is the fluid-filled ventricles continuous with?

The Central Canal of the Spinal Cord

Which primary brain vesicle remains undivided?

The Mesencephalon (mid brain)

What does the internal capsule pass between?

The Thalamus and Basal nuclei

Conscious awareness of balance (equilibrium)

Vestibular cortex *vestibule - a space or cavity at the entrance to another structure

Conscious perception of visceral sensation (upset stomach, full bladder, holding breath to long, etc)

Visceral sensory area

Primary visual cortex and visual association area

Visual Areas

Internal white matter, the majority of the mass

White matter

Percieves taste

Gustatory Cortex

Elevated ridges of tissue

Gyri

Motor area for voluntary movement of eyes

Frontal eye field

What are the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex mainly concerned with?

Contralateral side of body *contralateral - opposite side of the body

What is the distinct arrangement of fanned out internal capsule?

Corona Radiata

The largest commissure lying superior to the lateral ventricles, deep within the longitudinal fissure

Corpus Callosum

The longs axons of pyramidal cells project to the spinal cord forming what?

Corticospinal tracts *cortico - cortex spinal - spinal cord

What are the ventricles containing CSF lined with?

Ependymal cells

What does the central canal of the neural tube enlarge into?

Fluid-filled ventricles

Ventricle found in the hindbrain dorsal to pons; in the median and lateral apertures

Fourth ventricle

What are the 5 major landmarks that divide the hemispheres into 5 lobes?

Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula

The neural groove becomes the neural _____, which will form CNS structures

The neural groove becomes the neural TUBE, which will form CNS structures

The neural plate __________, forming the neural groove, flanked by neural ______

The neural plate INVAGINATES, forming the neural groove, flanked by neural FOLDS

What is the myth of the Hemispheres?

The people are more "left brained" or "right brained"

The majority of the neural tube becomes what?

The spine

What does the neural plate form from?

The surface of the ectoderm

Ventricle found in the Diencephalon; connected to lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle

Third ventricle

Fissure that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below

Transverse cerebral fissure

What does the Telencephalon (end brain) divide into?

Two cerebral hemispheres, collectively referred to as the cerebrum