Chapter 12: The Reformation of Christianity Quizlet Extra Credit Terms

Purgatory

(in Roman Catholic doctrine) a place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven.

Indulgence

(in the Roman Catholic Church) a grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages.

Martin Luther

A sixteenth-century German religious leader; the founder of Protestantism. Luther, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, began the Reformation by posting his Ninety-five Theses, which attacked the church for allowing the sale of indulgences.

Thirty Years' War

A war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

How did the Catholic Church try to fight the spread of Protestant ideas?

Because the Catholic Church's beliefs are founded on the revelation of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit to the Apostles. The protestant beliefs are founded on the private wishes of individuals who lived sixteen centuries later on what they wish was true and their individual reading of flawed translations of the Sacred Scriptures. Catholics teach that the Christian must rely on faith plus "meritorious works" in order to be saved. Essential to the Roman Catholic doctrine of salvation are the Seven Sacraments, which are baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony. Protestants believe that, on the basis of faith in Christ alone, believers are justified by God, as all their sins are paid for by Christ on the cross and His righteousness is imputed to them. Catholics, on the other hand, believe that Christ's righteousness is imparted to the believer by "grace through faith," but in itself is not sufficient to justify the believer. The believer must supplement the righteousness of Christ imparted to him with meritorious works.

How did Luther's ideas about interpreting the Bible differ from Catholic ideas?

He thought that everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bible. This belief went against the teachings of the Catholic Church, in which only clergy could interpret the Bible.

King Henry VIII

Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

What were Martin Luther's main religious teachings?

His writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation. His central teachings, that the Bible is the central source of religious authority and that salvation is reached through faith and not deeds, shaped the core of Protestantism.

Which do you think was a better way to reform the Catholic Church, new religious orders or the Council of Trent? Why?

In the Catholic Church, religious orders and congregations - now collectively called religious institutes - are defined as "a society in which members...pronounce public vows...and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common".

John Calvin

John Calvin was an influential French theologian, pastor and reformer during the Protestant Reformation.

How might William Tyndale's life have been different if he had lived after Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church?

King Henry VIII had wanted a male heir, and when Queen Catherine failed to provide one for him, he became attracted to a maid in her court, Anne Boleyn. Henry's chief minister, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey, tried to ask Pope Clement VII to annul the king's marriage, but was not able to convince him to. The king dismissed Wolsey in 1529. The king then denied that the pope had authority over England. In March of 1533, Parliament passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals, which declared that England was independent of all foreign authorities, including the pope. On the basis of that act, a church commission headed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine to be without legal force. In June of 1533, Anne was crowned queen

What did King Henry VIII do that makes him a Reformation figure?

King Henry VIII wanted to be able to divorce his wives and marry new women so that he might have a male heir. Unfortunately for him, the Catholic faith does not allow divorce without a just cause, so Henry VIII supported the Protestant Reformation and the rise of Protestantism because, as a Protestant, he would be able to divorce his wives for any reason with no problem.

How were Tyndale's and Calvin's ideas similar to Luther's?

Martin Luther's and Calvin's ideas are alike because they both agreed that religious authority rested on the Bible not the Pope and believed in a priesthood of all believers. Martin Luther and Calvin's ideas are also alike because both believed in St. Augustine's idea of predestination. Calvin did not believe that the Church should be ruled by the state, while Luther believed that it should. Martin Luther and Calvin both believed in the importance of the Bible and the rejection of the authority of the Pope. Martin Luther and Calvin believed that everyone should serve God in his or her individual calling. Luther came up with this idea by reading and pondering over St Paul's letter to the Romans (1:17) found in the New Testament. Luther's major doctrine is justification by faith alone. Both Martin Luther and Calvin rejected the doctrine that good deeds ("Good Works) were necessary for salvation. Differences between Martin Luther's and Calvin's ideas are that Calvin did not believe that the Church should be ruled by the state. Calvin had his own ideas about the power of God, the nature of human beings, and the power of the state.

Francis Xavier

Saint Francis (Francisco Javier "the Apostle of the Indies") 1506-52, Spanish Jesuit missionary, especially in India and Japan.

What religious order did Ignatius of Loyola create?

Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; c. October 23, 1491 - July 31, 1556) was a Spanish priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General.

Ignatius of Loyola

Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; c. October 23, 1491 - July 31, 1556) was a Spanish priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General. ... Ignatius is remembered as a talented spiritual director.

Where did Catholic missionaries travel?

That all people were treated with human dignity and were protected.

Why was the Catholic Church stronger in Spain than in many other parts of Europe?

The Catholic Church is stronger in Spain because of the Spanish Inquisition

Bible

The Christian scriptures, consisting of the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments.

Catholic Reformation

The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also called the Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War.

What was the Catholic Reformation?

The Counter-Reformation (Latin: Contrareformatio), also called the Catholic Reformation (Latin: Reformatio Catholica) or the Catholic Revival,[1] was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration Religious orders Spiritual movements Political dimensions Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.[2]

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes), signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

What was Martin Luther's list of complaints about the Roman Catholic Church called?

The Ninety-Five Theses

Roman Catholic Church

The branch of Christianity headed by the pope. The Roman Catholic Church is governed by a hierarchy with the pope at the top and, at the lower levels, bishops and priests.

How did John Calvin's ideas affect life in Geneva?

The people of Genva made him their religious and political leader

William Tyndale

William Tyndale (/ˈtɪndəl/; sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; c. 1494-1536) was an English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English.

Reformation

a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches.

Huguenots

a French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

Congregation

a group of people assembled for religious worship.

Jesuits

a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.

Protestants

a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.

Rituals

a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order.

Beliefs

an acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists.

Geneva

noun. 1. a city in and the capital of the canton of Geneva, in SW Switzerland, on the Lake of Geneva: seat of the League of Nations 1920-46. ... Also called Lake Leman. a lake between SW Switzerland and France.

Pope

the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Clergy

the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church.

Federalism

the federal principle or system of government.