Chapter 1,2,3,4

longitudinal surveys

Longitudinal surveys are a research method in which the same people are interviewed repeatedly over a period of time. Tracking people overtime is essential for answering questions about sequences of events. For example, researchers have long wondered whether the increase in divorce is the result of women gaining economic independence, so they don't need to be married. Such surveys are time consuming and expensive, since interviewees have to be tracked down again and again over a period of years, which is why the major longitudinal surveys are at least partly funded by the government, with many researchers sharing access to the data. These repeated surveys are essential for studying social change.

Immigration uniting and dividing families

Immigration creates both opportunities in obstacles for families. The chance to lead a new life motivates many to move the United States, but the resulting family dislocation and disruption bring bitter sweet returns. Immigration is the journey from one country to another, but it also means crossing a legal border, whether legally or not, law enforcement weigh heavily in on the process. American legal history has seen affirmations and penalties for immigration, resulting in confusing patterns of family division and unification, depending at different times on race, ethnicity, national origin, and family structure. (The following are a few of the changes that have affected the formation in separation of families) 1882 Chinese Act: Congress passed the Chinese exclusion act, bearing Chinese from becoming citizens and blocking new immigration. That prevented Chinese workers, almost all of them men, from bringing their families. (In 1898 the US Supreme Court sided with Wong and cleared that citizenship by birth was guaranteed under the constitution. BUT Still The act prevented most Chinese immigration until 1943) 1924 Immigration Act Permitting only a few immigrants per year according to a country base quota system, and completely shutting off immigration from Asia. As a result, immigrant communities were not replenished, and their children's integration into main stream society accelerated. 1945: War Brides Act US military service men married local women while serving in Europe or Asia during World War II. *The War Brides Act:Permitted the immigration of their wives and children and later was extended to Korean wives of US soldiers from the Korean War. (The immediate welcome these women received was not always warm and friendly.) 1942-1964: Bracero Program The need for agricultural workers, the United States extended temporary work permits to millions of Mexican workers through the Bracero program. Instead of preventing whole families from immigrating, the program opened a door that many families eventually went through. Repeated trips over the border often lead to permanent settlement on the US side which made the connections necessary to bring family members as well. (Braceros means manual labor in Spanish) 1965: amendments to the immigration and nationality act Among the most important immigration laws of the 20th century, these amendments to the original 1952 at (which was highly restrictive) lifted all numerical restrictions on the immigration of spouses, children, and parents of US citizens. They also ended the country-based quota system. As a result, most immigrants now arrive as family members, and most of them are from Latin America in Asia. 2002: Homeland security act The newly created department of homeland security took over immigration enforcement. Through fence building and patrols along the border, the government has made illegal crossing much more difficult and dangerous. The result, ironically, is that male undocumented immigrants, who used to travel back-and-forth between work in the United States and their families in Mexico, are more likely to establish permanent residence in the United States and bring their families here to live. 2012: Deferred Action for Childhood arrivals Acting without approval from Congress, the Obama administration and 2012 implemented a rule protecting people who had entered the country illegally as children (mostly brought by their parents) from deportation and allowing them to work. The rule was limited to children still in school, young adults who have graduated high school, and military veterans, as long as they were not convicted of a felony. Almost million young adults were accepted into the program through 2016. (It only provided temporary protection, however, and did not grant the immigrants permanent status in the country. And because it was done without congressional approval, any president has the authority to reverse it without approval, something Donald Trump promised to do during his campaign for the presidency.)

The impacts of social class (video)

Anticipatory socialization is learning to fit into a group you someday be a part of, like a gender or race. Class socialization Where parents convey to their children the values that go along with being upper class, middle class, or working class.

Family wage

Family wage is the amount necessary for a male owner to provide subsistence for his wife and children without them having to work for pay.

Zach walls

video about same sex marriage and families wants to change how the law see/views them the law is telling gay people that they are second class citizens who don't have the right to marry the person they love discrimination in the constitution

Which families are in poverty (video)?

-Single parents with children are much more likely to be poor than married parents. (especially if that single parent is a mother)! -34% of single mother families live below the official poverty line. (compared to the 8% of married couple families) -Poor people are less likely to marry and less likely to stay married (That leads to significantly more single parent households running on half the income of a married couple (or even less) if the children wind up living with their mother. - However even if we could eliminate poverty among single parents there will still be 29 million people living in poverty. So while family structure is related to poverty levels, it's not the whole story. (there really is no typical poor family)

Definitions

Familism is a personal outlook that puts family obligations first, before individual well-being. *One cultural trait that many observers associate with Latino culture. *Family relationships including strong intergenerational ties play a central role in daily life for most Latinos.

Theories about families and marriage (video)

Families are groups of people who are related by genetics, marriage, or choice, and who share material, emotional, and economic resources. (Family isn't a formal organization, it's a social institution.) - Family is a social institution because the members of a family are held together by the commonly shared goal of the well-being, and mutual support of its members. (And they organize people and power based on positions of social status within the family (Like mother and daughter) Family often goes Hand-in-hand with kinship. Kinship is a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. (These are the relationships that are most commonly thought of as family—Parents and kids spouses, siblings, aunts and uncles) Some of these relationships are born into biologically: children and parents for example. But other family relationships are created through legal bonds like marriage or adoption. (It's also very important to note that for some people family is a matter of choice.) Ex: marriage Ex: close friends who are considered family (A practice called fictive kin.) (Friends might move in together or raise children together and become a family for example.) No matter what type it is the family you grow up in is known as family of orientation. Because it orients you into the world and teaches you how families work. The family that you create on your own as an adult is known as a family of procreation. (A common type of family of procreation is a nuclear family. Nuclear family is a unit made up of two parents and biological or adopted children. (Both Nuclear and single-parent families are also sometimes referred to as immediate family. Ex: Parents and siblings) A contrast to nuclear family are single parent families and extended families. A single parent family is one parent who raises children. (also referred to as immediate family. Ex: Parents and siblings.) Extended families is everyone in your family who isn't a parent or sibling. (Grandparents, uncles, cousins, third cousin twice removed. Etc.) In the United States most people live with their immediate family and may live close to their extended families. Most families form from marriage. Marriage is a legally recognized relationship, usually involving economic, social, emotional, and sexual bonds. (But marriage isn't always based on love and romance. The idea of marrying for love alone is actually fairly new. Sure people always fell in love but you didn't need to be in love to get married. Ex: Finding economic security was one reason to get married.) Endogamy Marriage between people of the same social category. (Essentially like marries alike. for example, college educated Americans are more likely to marry other college educated Americans.) Exogamy marriage between people of different social categories. (Ex: interracial marriages. Another example is marrying up, when a person with a low status marries someone's with a higher status.) (Traditionally women are more likely to marry someone with higher status than themselves.) In some countries marriage is (by law) between two people. Monogamy (Only having one spouse) Polygamy is marriage to two or more spouses. (Legally recognized in some countries such as Africa, and south Asian countries.) The most common form of polygamy is polygyny. Polygyny is the marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry is the marriage of one woman to two or more men. (In countries where there are low ratios of male to females) In countries where polygamy is not legally recognized the term bigamy is used to refer to going through the legal processes of marrying while still married to another person.

Socialization

Socialization is the process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure in their own personalities.

The way we never were: American families in the nostalgia trap video

this video was about how the average American family has changed over the years. (WATCH VIDEO)

Generation

.5 generation: (point five generation) Age at immigration : Retirement age Family issues: Joining their families in the United States at older ages, without command of English or regular employment, these immigrants may feel isolated in depending on their children. (But they provide a connection to their homeland for the grandchildren.) First generation Age at immigration : Working age adulthood Family issues: These are the Classic immigrants, who faithful decision brings the family to the United States, usually for employment or for a better future. Despite success at work, they may never feel fully integrated into the new society, especially if they do not learn English well. 1.5 generation: Age at immigration : Childhood especially ages 6-12 Family issues: Having learned to speak a different language first, this generation may speak English imperfectly, but they are often the most acculturated members of the immigrant family. Second generation Age at immigration : Children of immigrants Family issues: Born and raised in the United States, but members of an immigrant family, they are the transitional generation, who's easier acculturation may lead to conflict with their parents. Third generation Age at immigration: Grand children of immigrants Family issues: They may retain their identity as part of an immigrant family, but come to see their ethnicity as family history rather than their own experience

The Walls of Mom (video)

A group called (walls of mom's) grew out of the Black Lives Matter protest in Portland, OR. Activists were concerned that it was eclipsing the original message of the BLM movement. The walls of moms protest stuff like "Mothers against drunk driving" The mothers of the movement "a group of mothers who have loss their sons to violence. #BLM they don't get the same recognition as the white women in (walls of moms) Mother's Day has an interesting movement behind it. It started back in the day. A peace activist said that mothers shouldn't have to bury their sons from war. (And that something needed to be changed) Internationally there have been other moments. (Such as in Africa and Sri Lanka) Ex: The mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina (1970, Protesting the military regime and there disappearing children)

Marriage: new ideas, new traditions

The recognition of individual rights and the spread of industrialization in the 1800s, the essential political and economic functions of marriage began to erode. (That left young adults freer to consider the emotional aspects of their future marriages and to challenge parents or other authorities who try to impose marriages on them for their own reasons. (Companionship, affinity, love, and affection in marriage ALL began to grow more important in the minds of young adults; especially women seeking a spouse.))

Family and market: men and women, separate and together

• In the 19th century, for the first time in history, most people worked for someone else during their entire adult lives. These workers were called free labor (as opposed to slaves) because their self image was one of independently acting members of the new industrial economy. That wage labor relationship help foster a sense of individual identity, reflecting American democratic ideals. • The industrial revolution also helps to reinforce the division of gender roles for men and women. The separate spheres, Was a cultural doctrine under which women were to make the home a Haven, a sanctuary from the harsh realities of the industrial economy in which men worked for pay. (Women were to work at home) This separation women at home, men at work was said to provide the balance necessary for social harmony. (The ideal of separate spheres was most strongly embraced among the expanding white-collar middle class in urban areas) Although separate spheres were not attainable by the majority of working class families; the idea was shared by men and women of most racial and ethnic groups and among the poor as well. And exception to these trends was farm families, many of whom continued to work in the older "family mode" of production.

The us population

We are rapidly expanding diversity in the racial-ethnic composition of the population. The main factors behind the US population change are immigration, especially from Latin America and Asia, and higher birth rates among immigrants and their children than among the more settled groups in the population. - The white population is gradually losing its dominant numerical status. - The greatest growth is among Latinos, (separate group regardless of their race.) They have more than tripled their share of the population from 1970 to the present and, if current trends continue, will reach 30% of the total population by the year 2050.

The family Arena

The family arena is the institutional arena where people practice intimacy, childbearing and socialization, and caring work. Not everyone fits perfectly into these positions or follow these rules, but when they do not conform (for example, when parents abuse or neglect their children) it only serves to reinforce the importance of the rules. The family is not a specific social arrangement or something that happens in one home or one type of home. It's rules and positions evolve over time and take place in the area of social interaction we intimacy, childbearing and socialization, and caring work are enacted.

Defining families

Definition: Families are groups of related people, down by connections that are biological, legal, or emotional. (not everyone agrees about which biological, legal, and emotional connections create families.) In this book we will look at families as: the personal family, legal family, and the family as an institutional arena. The family - a diverse, changing feature of our unequal society.

Flipped quizzes (answers)

- Maya is 25 years old and of Indian descent where arranged marriage is very common. Maya's father states that they will only consider matches who are of the same caste (same social group/community) as them. This is an example of... Endogamy Social mobility differs by race, ethnicity, gender and education. Ukrainian girl who is an immigrant has gone to American school and will now attend an American college. She spends time primarily with her American friends, dresses as they do, and shares their values and interest. It is an example of: Acculturation - Which of the following was NOT a reason why large families (i.e. families with a large number of children)were much more common in Pre-Industrial times when compared to modern times? More children meant there was an increased opportunity to raise a family's social standing. - Daisy's father is employed at Mercy Hospital; meanwhile, her mother is a stay at home wife. Please choose the option that best describes their family. The breadwinner - homemaker family - Jane and Micheal live in a preindustrial society. Tomorrow is their wedding day, and also the day they move away to start their life together. They plan to move to New Zeland, away from their families, who live in Hawaii. Which choice best defines their post-marital residence? Neolocality Which scenario below best describes who is considered a family? Makayla and Luke are married and they have two children together. They live in the same household, share a bank account, and are always there for each other through the good and the bad. -Christopher is a 40 year old man that has three different wives. This situation is an example of which of polygyny -There are many different definitions and sources to find what a family truly means. From a sociologist perspective what would be correct definition to describe a family? Groups of people who are related by genetics, marriage, or choice, and who share material, emotional, and economical resources - Which of the following did NOT allow for the Nuclear Family to prosper following World War 1? Low social trust - Chris decided to come out and explain to his parents that he is gay. He begins to experience extreme homophobia at home until, on day, he is completely rejected by his family and thrown out. He then turned to his close friends and co-workers who were there to offer him support, love, and help pick up the pieces. Chris feels like he has found a new family. This is an example of... A Chosen Family -Which of the following has increased throughout the twenty-first century? Individuality Who would be your family of orientation? Your Parents What was the primary short coming in government statistician Mollie Orshanky's measure of poverty? Food plan was unrealistic and the measure was absolute Mary lives in a household with her younger brother, younger sister, her biological mother, and her biological father. Her parents are married. This is an example of a nuclear family. Mariah was born in to a working class family. As a first generation college student she transferred from Jamestown Community College to the University at Buffalo. Mariah then received her JD and is now an attorney in Western New York. This would be an example of what type of mobility? Intergenerational Mobility Jake's father has 2 brothers; Tim and Rob. Although he only has two "blood" uncles, Jake actually claims to have 3 uncles; Tim, Rob, and John. John is Jake's fathers' best friend. Being considered as family, John gained the title of "uncle". This would be an example of which type of family ? Personal family According to "Immigration Courts: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver" Which statement is true regarding immigration courts? The federal government is not required to provide lawyers to defendants who can not afford them

Anecdotal Fallacy

using a personal experience or an isolated example instead of sound reasoning or compelling evidence. For example, someone can say flying is a more dangerous way to travel than driving solely based on the fact that they themselves have been in a plane crash. This is an anecdotal fallacy because the arguer is using his or her personal experience to conclude that flying is more dangerous than driving. According to the united states department of transportation, flying is in fact the safest way to travel. (So, don't believe everything you hear or see - just because one person experienced that.. it does not mean it is true.)

inquizitive questions (chapter 1)

1. According to conflict theory, inequality creates instability in society, which can lead to positive social change. 2. The process by which social scientist establish an association between two phenomena is known as correlation. 3. Match each method of data collection to the research question that it serves. - What percentage of young people say they want to cohabit with a romantic partner before marriage? Sample survey -What meaning does marriage hold for young people? In-depth interview - How do earnings change after romantic partners cohabit or marry? Longitudinal survey - How do married and cohabitating partners interact at home, and how does domestic interaction differ between the two groups? Observation 4. Which of the following are legal rights specifically granted to individuals who are married under federal law? (When married, an immigrant can gain citizenship through their citizens spouse. And married partners are subject to new tax regulations.) 5. Match each interpretation of the social meaning of sports to the appropriate theory. Conflict Theory: Sports exploit athletes who are used for profit that accures to elites. & Sport distract the masses from important issues that those in power define. Structural Functionalism: By participating in sporting events, fans learn the value of fairplay and hard work. & sports promote feelings of nationalism and belonging among fans. 6. Researchers find that children whose parents divorce when the children are young have worse outcomes, on average, than young children whose parents stay together. Which of the following are reasons why this association may be correlational, not causal? the reasons: -Many children of divorced parents live with their mothers, who earn substantially less money, on average, than fathers. -Children of divorced parents have often witnessed parents' conflicts for months or years before the divorce. -Some families are more prone to divorcing than others. 7. Because the word family means different things to different people, the textbook provides a broad definition of families as groups of people who are bound by which of the following types of connections? -biological, legal, emotional . 8. One of the contributions of - theory is the notion that boys and girls are - into their -, and therefore they learn how to inhabit - positions in the family. -feminist, socialized, gender role, unequal. 9. Which of the following are examples of big data -Data on how long millions of website users spend on various pages depending on their layouts and color schemes & Data on all marriage licenses from 1970 to the present. 10. Which of the following interpretations of human behavior fit within the structural functionalist perspective. -Children learn to enact gender roles when they are young so that they can perform those roles later in life and Income inequality helps to entice the most skilled individuals to work for difficult but high-paying careers. 11. Match each theory to its view of inequality within the family. -Inequality is one of the main drivers of history, and inequality within the family contributes to a system of inequality outside the family. -conflict theory 12. Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor to delayed childbearing (i.e. an increase in the average age of American women at first birth? High rates of child mortality; many kids didn't live to adulthood 13. Roman has been scared of dogs since he was a small child. He once got chased down the street by a big German Shepard and fell breaking his arm. He now tells his own children to watch out for dogs because they are the most dangerous, unpredictable, and vicious animals to have as a pet. What concept is this an example of? -Anecdotal fallacy 14. Ally has just been let go from her job two days after finding out she is expecting twins. She and her husband were planning to add on an additional room to their house and he was going to take some time off of work to complete the new room. What institutional arenas are being affected by this sudden change in Ally's life? Family, market 15. Zach has many aunts and uncles in his extended family. Most are his mother and father's siblings, however Aunt Jenny is not related by blood to him or his parents in any way. What could Aunt Jenny be considered? Fictive Kin 16. Leah wants a divorce from Dante who does not want to split up. Prior to the No Fault laws would she be able to divorce him? Yes, but only if she could prove that there had been abuse, abandonment or adultery committed 17. Which of the following means marriage between two people of the same social category? Endogamy -Individuals occupy different, but equally important, family roles. -structural functionalism -Family members have different resources, strengths, and weaknesses that they use to maximize their own gains within the family -exchange theory -Inequality is inherent in the breadwinner-homemaker model - feminist theory

inquizitive questions (chapter 4)

- What is one possible reason why inequality has increased over time, according to Joseph Stiglitz?

Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash (video)

-The poor isn't lacking character, they just have too much to do at once. (They are not making dumb decisions because they are dumb, But because they are living in a context in which anyone would make dumb decisions.) -Poverty is not a lack of knowledge. - The essence of poverty is that it annihilates the future. - George Orwell What can be done about poverty? Basic income guarantee (A monthly grant, enough to pay for your basic needs: Food, shelter, education.) It's completely unconditional, so no one is going to tell you what you have to do for it, and no one is going to tell you what you have to do with it. The basic income is not a favor, but a right! Basic income is venture capital for the people.

Why millennials aren't getting married and having kids video

1. A lot of millennials couldn't afford to get married and have children, even if they wanted to do so. 2. many millennials are very individualistic so they pursue things like career and self-actualization instead of marriage and children 3. there's less pressure on women to get married and have kids these days, because they're no longer financially dependent on men 4. women are becoming more educated and financially independent & their standards for men are getting higher; so many women nowadays can't find a man who meets their high standards 5. some men and women both avoid marriage because of the risk of divorce and the negative affects that it could have on their life financially and psychologically

The absent black father (video)

A myth where people believe that African-American fathers have very little contact with their children, if any contact at all.

The family as an institutional arena

An institutional arena, is a social space in which relations between people in common positions are governed by acepted rules of interaction. (The place were family matters take place.) In the family arena, for example, there are positions that people occupy such as father, mother, child. And there are rules of interaction most of them are informal, that govern how people in these positions interact. (When a social position is accompanied by accepted patterns of behavior, it becomes a role. (Family rules include obligations as well as privileges. For example, parents must feed, clothe, socialize, and care for their children.) A institutional arena is not a physical space with a clear boundary, like a sports arena, but a social place where a set of interactions play out.

Colonial America (before 1820)

From the settlement of Europeans through the early 19th century,, American family history was primarily the story of three interrelated groups: American Indians, white Europeans, and African-Americans.

video names

Jose Antonio Vargas: award winning journalist who was in America illegally. (also gay) talks about being undocumented, and now tells the truth. (defining American) wanted to shift the conversation about immigration. same sex marriage too. deported back to his country-- Korea (Adam Crapser or shin-song shacking children futures (talked about incarceration effect on children life outcomes)

modernity theory

Modernity theory is a theory of the historical emergence of the individual as an actor in society and how individuality changed the personal and institutional relations. (Referring to a specific period in history, from the 18th century enlightenment to the present.) In first modernity, Up until the 1960s or so, there was gradual change in family behavior. For example, more divorce, a gradually increasing age at first marriage, fewer children in families, fewer people living in extended families and more choice and spouse selection. These were only incremental changes however. Even though people exercise free choice, the concept of a normal family remains intact as a social standard. (Different family types or pathways existed but they were on the margins of acceptability.) Ex: Such as marriage much later in life, having children outside of marriage, remarrying after divorce. In second modernity, since the 1970s, Diversity and individuality are the new norm, and it's up to each person to pick a family type and identify with it. Thus, freedom from traditional restraints bring systematically new free spaces and options: he can and should; she may and must, now decide how to shape their own life.

Patriarchy

Patriarchy is a system of male control over the family property and fathers authority over the behavior of the families women and children.

Sample surveys

Sample surveys are a research method in which identical questions are asked of many different people and their answers are gathered into one large data file. By examining partners among the responses to the questions asked, we can find associations that help us understand family life. For example, if we ask people to tell us their gender and how often they do the dishes, we might find out if women do dishes more often than men. Asking people for information about their lives and opinions is time-consuming and expensive, so we cannot study everyone. We need to find a method of choosing our study subjects.

The future of social distance

Social distance is the level of acceptance that members of one group have toward members of another group. Some sociologist believe that intermarriage is itself a good measure of social distance, because it shows the breakdowns, or lack thereof, of societies most rigid taboos.

Sociology

Sociology is an academic discipline as it is the nature and development of human society, in our case specifically the family. Often, that means looking at the same phenomenon from different angles, as we do with defining families.

Companionship family

companionship family is an ideal type of family characterized by the mutual affection, equality, and comradeship of its members. companionate marriage: a view of marriage as a companionship, a friendship, and a romance, rather than as a practical platform for cooperation and survival. dating: the mate selection process in which young adults spend time with a variety of partners before making a long-term commitment. family wage: the amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children without them having to work for pay.

How the US stole thousands of native Americans video

• Native Americans were taken away from their families and placed into boarding schools as a way for white Americans to steal their land. And when the boarding schools started to close down (because they were unethical, abusive, and worse; they started to steal Native American children and place them into white adopting families.) •ICWA (law/act in place to protect Indians/native Americans)

Stages of Family (video)

The family life cycle is the developmental stages that a family passes through overtime.

Demography and the life course

Demography is the study of populations; therefore focuses on birth, death, and migration. Family researchers who take a demographic prospective is the study familiar behavior and household structures that contribute to larger population processes. They are especially interested in childbirth, but to understand that, they must study the timing and frequency of cohabitation, marriage, and divorce, as well as living arrangements in general (who lives with whom at different stages in their lives.) As family life has become more diverse, the common sequences of family events, or family trajectories, have become much more complicated. Researchers using the life course prospective study the family trajectories of individuals and groups as they progress through their lives. (One important goal of this research is to place family events in their historical context. For example, if you want to understand attitude toward family life among Americans who were in their 50s in 2010, you might consider their history as a cohort.) A cohort is a group of people who experience an event together at the same point in time. (Rather than examining individuals at fixed points in time, life course researchers seek to gain a deeper understanding by considering life stories in their social and historical context)

Millennials the unluckiest generation in modern history? (Video)

- US still recovering from the Recession (bad economy) No jobs, less jobs The pandemic (worst time to be a Millennial) - Twice as many millennials took on student debt. (On average the debt with 50% more than previous generations.) -For many of us starting salaries were lower than expected (Millennials earn 20% less than baby boomers did at the same age) -Millennials struggle with purchasing a house -And are less likely to save for emergencies/retirement -Millennials hesitate to get married or have kids.

Inquizitive chapter 2 questions

1. Among the wealthy marriage served the function of connecting powerful families, whereas among the poor, it was about securing labor for survival. 2. Why does the textbook author attribute the rise in women's autonomy to the American Revolution? Answer: The leaders of the American Rev espoused the virtue of autonomy which women began to embrace for themselves. 3. A weakness of the compassion marriage is that it was built on the ideal of love. Yet as the chapter points out, if affection between spouses lessened, there were fewer outside pressures to keep them together. The result was an increase in divorce during the twentieth century. 4. What was a relatively common form of polygamy in the nineteenth century? Answer: The practice in Mormon.. 5. The modern welfare system evolved from a program that provided federal support to the widows of Civil War soldiers. TRUE 6. Match each time period to the description of family structures at that time. -Baby boom period*high proportion of married couples, low proportion of single parents, and a growing proportion of individuals living on their own -End of the nineteenth century**high proportion of married couples and low proportion of individuals living on their own -Present day***steady rate of less than 50 percent of households with married couples and an increasing proportion of non-family households -End of the twentieth century****steep growth of individuals living alone and moderate growth of single-parent households 7. Which changes have led to an increased role of grandparents in children's lives? Answer: increasing rates of single parenthood, improved health care and falling birth rates 8. Which of the following factors likely contributed to African American families' strong extended family ties? Answer: African American families were often poor, requiring shared resources, and African American marital relationships were more fragile than White marriages and ended more frequently in divorce or widowhood. 9. In the early to mid-twentieth century, which of the following incentives did the federal government offer young adults to get married. Answer: *Married workers earned relatively high wages and Federal programs were developed to promote marriage. 10. Archaeological evidence shows that the nuclear family (consisting of a mother, a father, and their offspring) was the norm in the Neolithic period. FALSE 11. Which of the following statements characterize American Indian families prior to the arrival of European colonists? Answer: In many tribes, wealth and power were transferred through families from mothers to daughters. AND Divorce was more common than among Europeans at the time. 12. Which of the following are current trends in urbanization? Cities are encouraging more sharing-economy amenities such as bike- and car-sharing. AND City planners are building more small apartments that house only one or two people.

continuation..

Acting individually is supported (or even required) by other institutions, especially the state of the market, which increasingly have treated people as individuals rather than as family members. This is only natural once family ties such as marriage are considered voluntary, subject to divorce by either individual. For example, some welfare and health care benefits and taxation involve transactions between individuals and the government although some programs are still geared toward families. And most employers don't consider it necessary to pay a family wage to male workers with stay at home wives as they did in the past. This institutionalized individualization leads to tremendous fragmentation of family identities and put a big psychological burden on people. As a result, a sense of insecurity spread through the population, driving people into the arms of expert identity fixers, especially therapists and self-help gurus. If all of this freedom implies individual isolation and lack of direction, it also stands to revolutionize the nature of intimacy and family relationships. According to modernity theorist Anthony Giddens; in his view, relationships now maybe truly based on personal choice and individual fulfillment. Free from the constraints of traditional rules, free from the need to reproduce biologically, and free to negotiate economic survival as individuals. people may now enter into the ideal pure relationship; at least when it suits them, for the first time in history.

The new immigration

At 15%, the proportion of US residents born in another country is higher than it has been since 1910, when the big wave of European immigration peaked. Immigration has accelerated in each of the past three decades, increasingly reaching into parts of the country that previously did not have a large immigrant populations, especially in the Midwest and the Southeast The current wave of immigration dates back to 1965, when a reform of the federal laws allowed the immigration of any number of spouses, children, and parents of US citizens. ————-(This change in policy open the door to family reunification through immigration, and most legal migration since that time has been family related.) Without this principle, immigration will result in an influx of individual workers rather than families; under the law, whole immigrant communities have grown and thrived. Family based immigration also ensures that immigrant communities are regularly replenished, which helps the leading immigrant groups (such as all from Mexico, China, and the Philippines) continue to grow as families flourish around the first few members who move here. On the other hand, a family base immigration system may increase the social distance between immigrant groups and the rest of society by encouraging them to interact within their own community.

How Hollywood misrepresents the working class (video)

Class: System of ordering people based on perceived social or economic status. These shows/movies are misrepresenting what lower income life is like. Shows like Roseanne, and all in the family, were shows that showed proper representation though. False depictions of what middle or working class people look like actually have an impact on our own self perception, as well as our perception of people living in poverty or working class conditions. How Disney mislead kids (video) Disney films portray income inequality: - There are very few poor characters within these movies, and a whole lot of rich characters. - Shows that poor characters don't suffer any hardships. Working class characters love being working class and upper class characters really look out for the working class and the poor; so there's no reason for the poor and working-class to want to be upwardly mobile. (Examples: the Dwarves in Snow White, Aladdin, Ratatouille etc.) Saying that social class inequality is not a big deal, basically.

Emerging Modern Family: (1820-1900)

During the Roman empire the Latin word Familia meant not just a man's wives and children but also his slaves and servants, who would bear his name after they were freed. In some ways, patriarchal power has been declining ever since. But with the spread of democracy and industrial capitalism, from the time of the American revolution into the 19th century, new ideas, new laws, and the growth of the market economy hastened the erosion of fathers absolute authority, breaking profound changes in record time.

genealogy

Genealogy is the study of ancestry and family history. (such as looking back through the generations for a feeling of connection to a larger family tree.) • Traditionally, the search into family was found in family archives and public library's but now people are using genetic tests to chase their family trees even when the link is literally microscopic; it can establish family ties across formidable social barriers. Our families are what we think they are: Ex: People who have received transplanted organs from dying patients are increasingly becoming involved in the lives of their donor families. Ex: Animals are an important part of family life and they are often treated as family members.

Intermarriage

Racial and ethnic groups can only exist if the categories they represent stay distant in the minds of society members. And the idea of several groups can only persist as long as they there is some actual separation between groups in daily life. intermarriage is marriage between members of different racial or ethnic group. "The litmus test" of racial and ethnic difference. We can use the frequency of intermarriage to measure the degree of integration between two groups. At the same time, the experience of intermarriage creates the integration of two groups. In the United States, the stiffest barrier to integration has been between whites and African-Americans.

In-depth interviews and observation

Sample surveys can provide superficial answers, and respondents answer all of the questions we think of asking in advance. Some researchers prefer not to be limited by brief answers to questions they bring the interview. One way to avoid this problem is to arrange much longer, in-depth interviews with a small number of people, usually those who share traits researchers want to study. Even in death interviews, however, rely on the answers provided to the researcher. Sometimes, interpersonal dynamics in the subtitles of daily life are best suited through direct observation and interaction with the subjects of the research, known as ethnography. (Created by Lareau)

The personal family

The personal family is simply the people to whom we feel related and who we expect to define us as members of their family as well. By definition, a group of people who usually define themselves as a family are a family; based on their own understanding of the concepts related. In short, defining our families is an important step in the construction of our personal identities, and a personal family is the definition we apply in that process.

Trend to watch undocumented immigration

Undocumented immigrants are people who enter the country without permission, or who stay longer than they were permitted to (under the conditions of their entry.) This population is now 5% of the US workforce, and their children are 7% of K-12 public school students. However, the number of undocumented immigrants has fallen from its peak in 2009, as economic conditions and stepped up enforcement made entering the country illegally less attractive and more difficult. About 2/3 of the undocumented immigrants have been in the country 10 years or more. While the number of undocumented immigrants from Mexico and Latin America has fallen, the number from Asia has continued to increase. Some politicians including President Trump half demanded the expulsion of all undocumented immigrants, others favor a more selective approach. ——-For example, the government could expel those criminal records and grant others legal status to remain in the country, work, and under some proposals even become citizens. The debate is complicated by the fact that undocumented immigrants have millions of children who are US citizens by virtue of being born here. Expelling those children would be unconstitutional, while expelling their parents will break up their families and cause great harm to the children.

Children and Families: More Work and Less Play

- Colonial American families were large. The average woman bore about seven children in the course of her life, but one or more of them were likely to die at a young age. Children played an economic role in the family, contributing to is survival and prosperity. Although this seems a shame or even a tragedy to us now - children growing up without a true childhood - the idea of childhood as a uniquely and innocent stage of life was not common at a time. Most colonist held to the Calvinist View that children were guilty of original sin, and their l evil impulses needed to be controlled through harsh discipline and hard work. Although couples had many children, most people did not live in large extended families under one roof. Households were mostly made up of nuclear families, plus any borders or serve they had. Even though they didn't all live together, extended families played an important support role. Most people lived close to their siblings families, and they shared labor and other resources. Among extended families, a stem family was the household formed by one grown child remaining in the family home with his or her parents. (The favored child- typically the older son - would inherit the family home or farm, while the other siblings started their own households after marriage. The arrangement was common among farm families and those wealthy enough to leave an estate to their children. The colonial way of family life represented the first phase of a transition from the rural family, dominated by European Christian ideology, to the modern, urban, and industrial family system that was to come.

Ethnicity

- Ethnicity is a group of people with a common cultural identification, based on a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, or traditional practices. Ethnicity can change over a persons life time for example, with a child grows up and leave the family. It can't even change from one social setting to another, as when we move from a group of friends to a family celebration. (Racial identity is more stable.) - Racial ethnicity is in ethic group proceeds to share physical characteristics (Both African-Americans and Latinos fit the combined concept of a racialized ethnic group or racial ethnicity.) - Most people still live, marry, reproduce, and raise children primarily with their own racial ethnic group. This practice of marriage and reproduction is called endogamy. (Marriage and reproduction within a distinct group) Endogamy is the most important way people maintain group boundaries from one generation to the next. - Exogamy: Is marriage and reproduction outside once distinct group. Minority Group: Is a racial or ethnic group that occupies a subordinate status in society. Such groups are usually, but not always, smaller than the dominant group.

Structural functionalist (video)

- For the structural functionalists family is everything. Family is vital to the stability of society. They believe that when you have a strong a stable family unit you have a stable society. Most social problems relate to a breakdown or dissolution of the family unit. (So if family breaks down then society breaks down as well.) - Important functions Structural functionalist believe that family provides: •Socialization: the way we learn and internalize culture. we learn it from our family first. (The regulation of sexual activity: Enforcing chastity and saving virginity until marriage (females) , adultery is frowned upon. And the parents are responsible for regulating the sexual activity of their children.) • Social placement: Who we are are shaped by the families to whom we are born into. (Our families pass on certain parts of our social identity.) Material and emotional security: The family unit is where we should feel the most safe, embraced, accepted and most loved. It should be the place where we find protection and acceptance.

American Indians: "The family as social structure"

- Had A strong respect for elders and a reliance on extended family networks for sharing resources and meeting essential needs. - Family connections were the non-biological relationships, including those between members of the larger community and peoples connections with the environment and animals. - One common characteristic of American Indians that set them apart from Europeans was their matrilineal descent, in which people were primarily considered descendants of their mothers rather than their fathers. (Because women were the property owners in the household, and men were relative outsiders surrounded by their wives kin, women had greater authority within the clan.) - The things American Indians had in common with Europeans: (1)Most American Indians practice monogamous marriage (2)American Indians also practiced a gender division of labor. For example, for groups that mixed hunting with agriculture, men did most of the hunting, and women grew and prepared food. -Even where matrilineal traditions increased women's power in the household, men usually had more political authority in the larger groups. However, the relations between American Indian men and women in general were made more equal than they were among the Europeans.

continued

-What was the Indian Adoption Project? When Americans took Native American children away from their homes and assimilated them into American households -What was the family role stereotype for women in the 1950s? They were supposed to stay home and take care of the household duties -Which one of the choices is not a reason that blended families became popular? Industries began booming in the 1800s-1900s which lead people to move away and create nuclear families -The US government funded Richard Henry Pratt's project and founded a boarding school for Native American children. What was the purpose of the establishing the school?The government wanted to assimilate Native American children by letting them experience new cultures. -Q) One day, Shannon's daughter said that she learned a lot about Baby Boomer generation and she shared them with Shannon. But Shannon, a sociology professor, wants to correct a part of the information. Please select the false statement regarding Baby Boomer generation. They make up more than 65% of the entire US population. -What is NOT the main reason millennial's aren't getting married and having more children than times like before? Not wanting to get into relationships where they lose money -All of the following are conditions for success for the nuclear family in the 1950s EXCEPT: Low general fertility rates Which of the following did NOT allow for the Nuclear Family to prosper following World War 1 Low social trust What is not a cause of the the decline in fertility rates? Women are getting married earlier in life What supreme court case rules that laws against same sex marriages in the U.S. were unconstitutional? Obergefell v. Hodges What is a new marital pattern that is actually very traditional? Single parenting How did the Europeans not try to erase Native culture?Giving Native land back What is NOT the main reason millennial's aren't getting married and having more children than times like before? Not wanting to get into relationships where they lose money

How poverty is measured in the United States (videos 1 & 2)

A boom economy after World War II brought tremendous prosperity to the country. (but millions we're left out) Poverty in 1964, the census burea needed an accurate way to determine who was in poverty. (and whether we were winning the battle to end it.) The official poverty measure: Mollie Orshanksy, developed a simple way to measure poverty. (Molly did 1/3 of people's income x3 (people below the threshold was poor. Above the threshold was not poor.) -Her measure doesn't take into account other necessities people had to pay for, such as transportation, rent, childcare, healthcare, and location etc.) -Critics say that the measurement doesn't measure important antipoverty programs. -Economic measure: measures how much income a person or household brings in each year. In 2011, the US census bureau published a new measure called the Supplemental Poverty Measure(SPM) This new measure calculate to current cost of necessities, It expands the current definition of a household, It makes geographic adjustments, And it considers not just income (But also the value of public benefits and tax credits. And it subtracts the cost of medical and work expenses.) Why is there still poverty in America? (Video) - America's safety net programs have tended to benefit the elderly more than other groups like working age adults and children. - Child poverty in America is remarkably high -The problem is food stamps, for example (can only be spent on specific things) Unlike social security for the elderly who's recipients are handed cash to do as they please.

African Americans

African Americans were prevented from exercising their family choices first by slavery and then by a series of direct and indirect forces in American society. This includes discrimination, poverty, Unemployment, high mortality, and segregation. As a result, African-Americans have experienced important aspects of racial inequality through their family lives. Slavery legacy: -African Americans families were shaped by slavery, discrimination, and poverty more than by cultural traditions. - Black adults had more informal or common law marriages (in which the partners lived together without the legal recognition of marriage.) And had higher divorce rates. Black children more often lived with foster or adoptive parents -formally or informally and more extended family members were directly involved in child rearing. -With a relatively week tradition of nuclear families, some people saw black families as matrilocal, or female dominant. Black families began being seen as resilient and adaptive. In this view, black families may have been more mother centered, or matrifocal, than white families, but there was no problem of female domination. This approach emphasized the economic and political oppression experienced by black families and saw the fluid family structure as usual reaction to, rather than because of, persistent poverty. Rather than slavery per se or traditions imported from Africa, it was poverty, lack of opportunity, and mortality that historically limited black family structure. - African-Americans have the highest poverty rate of any major racial ethnic group, and more than 2/3 of black children are born to mothers who are not married (the highest proportion of any group) Deindustrialization, the share of workers in the manufacturing fell from 1/3 to 1/5 and 1919, and then suggest 1 in 12 today. African-American suffered the most: -It was the hardest on workers without higher education, especially men. (Often stuck with poorly paid service jobs or no jobs at all) -The loss of jobs was greatest in the old industrial cities, we're so many black families have settled. -poor urban Families not only face unemployment or lower wages but also found themselves surrounded by neighbors in similarly dire straits - a situation exacerbated by rigid residential segregation. The far-reaching family change among African-Americans since the end of slavery: the rapid, deep decline of marriage rates, the increase in children born to unmarried parents, which continues to be present. Single mothers, incarcerated parents, joblessness, health problems, and the threat of police violence of challenges for child rearing. (In response, black grandparents are more likely to live with the grandchildren then are those of most other racial ethnic groups, as 12% share household with their grandchildren.)

African Americans: Families Enslaved

Africans were forcibly removed from their homelands in western and central Africa and subjected to the unspeakable horrors of the middle passage abroad slave ships, slave auctions, and ultimately the hardships of plantation labor in the American south (as well as in the Caribbean and South America) Because they were thrown together from diverse backgrounds, and because their own languages and customs were suppressed by slavery, we do not know how much of slave family life was a reflection of African traditions and how much was an adaptation to their conditions and treatment in America. The histories that have come down to us feature heart wrenching stories of family separation, including diaries that tell of children literally ripped from their mothers arms by slave traders, mothers taking poison to prevent themselves from being sold, and parents enduring barbaric whippings as punishment for trying to keep their family together. Slave marriage and parenthood we're not legally recognized by the states, and separation was a constant threat. Most slaves only had a given name with no family name, which made the formation and recognition a family lineage difficult or impossible. Most slaves lived in families for some or all of their lives. Most married (if not legally) & had children in young adult hood, and most children lived with both parents. This was especially the case on larger plantations rather than a small farms, because slaves could carve out some protection for community life if they were in larger groups, and husbands and wives were more likely to remain together. (Even if they had families, however, African-Americans for the most part were excluded from the emerging modern family practice until after slavery ended.)

Latinos

At 59 million, Latinos are the largest minority group in the country. Most are Mexican origin followed by Puerto Ricans and Cubans. Despite a common ancestry in the New World colonies of Spain, the circumstances under which different groups of Latinos entered the United States make for very different experiences for their families. - Culture and Diversity: Mexican immigration has been dominated by poor workers with low levels of education seeking entry level jobs. - Family relationships including strong intergenerational ties play a central role in daily life for most Latinos. -Latinos are 2 to 3 times likely to live in extended families than most other groups. -Mexicans and Cubans are much more likely to live in married-couple households than Puerto Ricans, who have a much higher rate of birth to a unmarried woman. -Latinos trace their history back to Spanish-speaking countries dominated by a Catholic culture. -In colonial days, the societies were generally more tolerant of cultural mixing with Europeans, African slaves, and native people than were the protestants of the US colonies. This, language, religion, and less rigid racial divisions constitute common elements of Latino culture. Younger average age, more children per family, and extended households make the average Latino family substantially larger than that of any other major group. (Just like other trends followed by the rest of the country, Latinos have also seen a decline in marriage at young ages and a rapid increase in the number of children being born to a unmarried parents.)

Trend to watch: big data

Big data is data collections large enough to require special computing resources, and complex enough to require customize computer applications. Unlike census data or surveys, big data usually were not generated for research purposes, but we can use them for social science research. Most often this research involves analyzing large volumes of texts from online social interaction, such as social media sites. With millions of interactions occurring online every day, many of them leaving a digital trace, the potential to understand new forms of social behavior is exciting. For example, one study examines more than 4 billion tweets by 63000,000 users to measure patterns of happiness, finding that people said happy your tweets on Friday and Saturday. In addition to social media, big data analyst have also examine data from large databases of official records, phone records, and government documents. (The ability to mine sources of data like these, and finding new ways to analyze them, offers great potential for future studies of family life.) Big data research requires powerful computers and advanced technical skills. It also raises questions about privacy and research ethics, since the people being studied have not consented to have their behavior examined; even though it may be public or semi public, such as Twitter or Facebook. (And this research underscores the need for sociological theory to understand the patterns we see, just because we have a vast supply of data doesn't mean we can successfully explain social behavior. There's one big advantage though: big data research allows us to see peoples actual behavior, rather than what they tell us they do or think, as in the case with sample surveys.)

Race and Biology

Biology doesn't support the classification of people into races. But deeply felt divisions between groups of people remain important socially. In the United States, the federal government collects information about race and ethnicity mostly to enforce civil rights laws against discrimination. According to the US Census Bureau, the governments main goal it's not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically, or genetically. But to reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. Self identification the race and ethnicity you choose are up to you, (or your parents if you're too young to fill out the form). You don't have to offer any proof to justify your choice. However, what people usually say about themselves usually conform to how others see them as well. That means that self identity is partly a social product. a social product instead of a fixed, objective category is one reason why we say that race and ethnicity are socially constructed. (The categories we use, and the assignment of individuals to categories, are the outcome of social interaction and beliefs; they change over time, and they differ from place to place.) Racial identities reflect perception about biological traits. A race is a group of people believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities. Racial identity is usually passed from parents to children within families, and family interaction is the first sight of racial self-awareness.

Theories of social class

Both the consensus and conflict perspective provide important insights into the role of social class in modern society. But their assumptions about how society works lead to different interpretations of class and inequality. These differences regarding social class are best understood through the issue of division of labor the social process of determining who does what work and for what rewards. —Consistent with the precepts of functionalism, consensus theorists have worked backwards logically from the prevalence of social inequality in all societies, albeit to widely varying degrees, to the assumptions that inequality therefore serves an essential function. Some jobs are more important and more difficult to do than others. Society therefore needs a way to find and train the most talented people for these jobs and motivate them to perform well. (Surgeons and airplane pilots.) The system that fulfills this need, they believed, is a pattern of equal rewards that creates incentives for people to strive for the best jobs they can get. Unequal rewards, therefore, are necessary to entice people to seek the extensive training required for difficult and important work. In this view, social class is a continuum from lower to higher rungs on the economic ladder, with the different levels of reward determined by the kinds of jobs people have. And the inequality between those lower and those higher on the ladder is not only beneficial but also necessary to the functioning of society. —The conflict perspective also takes the division of labor as the crucial element and defining the class system. But rather than seeing classes, and the inequality between them, as necessary and beneficial, conflict theorists see inequality as a result of economic exploitation: The process by which the labor of some produce wealth that is controlled by others. Scholars in this tradition believe that the fundamentals class division is not one of skills and expertise, but one of ownership. In this view, social classes are distinct categories, defined by their ownership or lack of ownership of capital. (In a capitalist society, those who owned and controlled property dominate those who have no capital and therefore must subsist by selling their labor on unfavorable terms.) Neither the consensus view nor the conflict view, does much to explain the complication of social class for families. (For example, consider college students, who may not have jobs or live off their own income and who's future class position may differ from that of their origins. To what social class do they belong to?)

The family in sociological theory

Broad Perspectives: consensus perspective projects an image of society as a collective expression of shared norms and values. (It was used to support democracy in the American revolution with the argument that society cannot work without the consent of the governed.) Society exists as the enactment of social order. It means that most of us voluntarily get up in the morning and play our roles each day, instead of making other choices available to us that would lead to chaos. (This does not mean that society never changes or that there are no conflicts, but it does mean that order is the core of social life and the social change works best when it plays in an orderly fashion, chaotic or rapid change is to be avoided.) The dominant sociological theory is structural functionalism. (Key elements of the consensus perspective remains influential for structural functionalists.) The theory often assumes that there is a good reason for things to be the way they are. As a result, the consensus perspective tends to focus on stability rather than change, in keeping with its harmonious image of society. For the structural functionalists family is everything. Family is vital to the stability of society. When you have a strong a stable family unit you have a stable society. (Structural functionalism can be faulted for projecting an overly rosy view of family relations.) *Neither theory (consensus or conflict) can explain everything, but both maybe useful for understanding some elements of family life.

How the US Census Counts Families

Census: A periodic count of people in a population and their characteristics, usually performed as an official government function. • The history of the US census offers important lessons about the definitions of families. It also serves as an example of the emergence of individuality in modern society. The US constitution in 1789 ordered an enumeration of the population. Since 1790, a nationwide census has been carried out every 10 years for purposes of apportioning political representatives among the populations. The census plays a critical role in the development of public infrastructure, and the administration of services. These data collection efforts are large government projects, conducted at great expense. Even with the use of online forms and technology, the 2020 US census is projected to cost more than 13 billion and employ thousands of workers visiting American households. A household is defined as a group of people that lives and eat separately from other groups. The census defines a household as a group of people who share a common dining table. Even though local laws and definitions vary, the US Census Bureau, which gather much of the data on American families, uses the federal governments definition of the legal family. (But, unlike the definition above, according to the census a family lives together in one household, And limit each family to one household, and each person can only be counted in one place. That is why students living in college dorms are not counted as apart of their families house holds; which is also the case for military personnel living abroad or on ships, prisoners, or people in nursing homes.) - The census happens every 10 years and effects everyone in the US. - written into the constitution - the first census was in 1790 - The House: 435 reps —> The census determines how many states get how many # of many representatives. - Senate: 100 senators (2 per each state) - How do they pull this off?: Every single place in the US fits into a region, division, block and tract. (There is 4 regions and 9 divisions. The census blocks and tracts help breaks up the cities and towns.) A tract is described as basically a neighborhood group made up of a few thousand people. A block consists of a small street, (river, or train tracks might separate blocks.) Us is made up of 11 million blocks

Colonial Americans "So chosen, he is her Lord"

Europe, colonial Americans brought traditions for marriage and family life to the New World. Marriage for them was a practical arrangement that was considered necessary for civilization, not a source of love and affection. - colonial husband's authority within marriage was virtually unchecked, and given the dependence of women on their husbands for survival, their choices were in fact very limited. As with the relationship between God and man under Protestant doctrine, the idea of free choice and marriage only served to reinforce the wife's duty to serve her husband. - The woman's own choice makes such a man her husband wrote Massachusetts governor John Winthrop. "Yet being so chosen, he is her Lord, and she is to be subject to him." (In the Massachusetts Bay colony, local authorities were more likely to discipline husbands for failing to control their wives then for abusing them.) - Women or man, free or slave, native or European - government was mostly a distant symbol when it came to family matters. - The system of marriage that prevailed in the colonial times was supported by the Christian church and by the power vested in the local community leaders, who impose their interpretation of Christian doctrine on marriage and divorce. - Women could not vote, hold political office, or even serve on jury's, so they had little choice but to comply with the marriage system. Their status as members of the local community - and often their survival - depended on conformity to the standards of the time. -Once married, any property that a woman brought to the marriage, as well as the products of her labor, became her husband's. In fact, a wife's legal existence disappeared when she got married under the legal doctrine of coverture. (A legal doctrine that lasted until the late 19th century, under which wives were incorporated into their husbands citizenship.)

Exchange theory (agree with consensus perspective)

Exchange theory sees individuals or groups with different resources, strengths, and weaknesses enter into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains. In this view, individuals are rational; that is, they consider the cost and benefits of their actions in making their decisions. When they cannot satisfy all of their needs on their own, people enter into exchange relationships with others. As long as the relationship is rewarding, both sides stay engaged. If the exchange is not rewarding, and if the cost of living is not great, either party may leave. This theory is part of the consensus tradition because it assumes that patterns of social behavior are mutually agreed on. These ideas are closely related to a model of the family proposed by the Nobel prize winning economist Gary Baker, which husbands and wives make joint decisions to maximize benefits that are family members share. For example, sending men into the paid labor force while women care for their children at home. *Sociologists think that this theory is naïve because it seems to assume equality between men and women and harmony between their interests. Rather than assume equality, they prefer to think of the exchange as a bargaining process in which individuals strike the best bargain they can, given the resources they have and the rules they have to play by. When the resources are unequal, the bargains struck reflect that inequality. In this way, exchange theory can become part of the conflict perspective — that viewing exchange as a process by which people act out their competing interests. The division of housework between men and women is a classic example of bargaining relationships negotiated under conditions of inequality. Couples may also bargain over sex, children, friends and so on. (Economic resources are not the only subjects of negotiation.)

Contemporary theory (feminism)

Feminist theory seeks to understand and ultimately reduce inequality between men and women. Feminism is apart of the conflict perspective, and feminists share many views with conflict theorists, especially a critical attitude about the breadwinner-homemaker model of family life. 1. Feminist theory sees male dominance within families as apart of a wider system of male power, which is neither natural nor inevitable, and occurs at women's costs. Feminist showed that if the family arena is where boys and girls learn to be boys and girls (and men and women), it is also where those gender roles are created unequal, with men in the dominant position, through the process of socialization. 2. Feminist scholars have argued that family structure is socially constructed and is the products of human choices rather than the inevitable outcome of natural or biological processes. 3.Race, ethnicity, and social class all affect family life and general dynamics in unique ways. Some feminists believe that in poor and minority communities, traditional family arrangements maybe expressions of collective strength and resilience in the face of hardship, uniting men and women with a common purpose. Together, these insights and findings from feminist scholars have contributed greatly to the work of family researchers, even those who don't see feminisms active goal of reducing gender inequality.

Asian Americans

First large group of Asians in the United States was Chinese working men in the 19 century, most of whom did not intend to stay in the country. (Because those who did stay were legally forbidden from marrying whites, their numbers dwindled.) Today the US population is 6% Asian American, and although still relatively small, they are the fastest growing minority group. The largest group trace their ancestry to China, the Philippines and India. Asian immigrants today are mostly professionals, students, or the family members of previous immigrants. Because so many Asian families include immigrants, 70% of Asian Americans speak languages other than English at home. Family, Traditions, Modern Times: -In some communities especially among Chinese and other Asians (with a Confucian religious background,) there is a tradition of striving for educational excellence. Historically, this arise from the ancient Confucian exam system, through which even poor children could achieve success through diligent study. -"Tiger mother" is one reason why less than 3% of Asian Americans 16 to 24 years of age are high school dropouts, compared with 8% of the total population. -Most Asian cultures include strong imperatives to respect and care for elders. -Asian Americans remain relatively likely to live in multigenerational households. -Only 12% of Asian American grandparents live with one or more of their grandchildren. -Related research has also shown that Asian Americans tend to be more authoritarian in their parenting style and place less value on the children's independence and members of most other groups. Inequality and Diversity: -Members of these groups have higher levels of education, lower levels of unmarried childbearing, and lower poverty rates in the US population at large. (As a result, Asian Americans overall have relatively high incomes and occupational status) -However among the smaller groups of south east Asia, poverty rates are high, and most adults work in blue-collar occupations. -The success some Asian immigrants have come at a high cost as well. Ever since the Chinese exclusion act of 1882, some Americans have resisted what they see as competition from Asian workers. (The stereotypes of Asian Americans as successful students may create hostility and cultural division as well as warping the expectations held by teachers and students themselves.)

How marriage practices has varied across societies (video)

Let's say a married couple just tied a knot. Where should they live?: - In a preindustrial society after a couple is married they are most likely to move with or near the husbands family. (Patrilocality) 70% have a patrilocal residence pattern. This was most common for societies with frequent warfare where families wanted to keep sons around as a form of protection.) - But in some pre-industrial societies a newly married couple will practice matrilocality. Where they live with or near the wife's family. Many native American tribes particularly those in the southwestern United States (such as the Hopi and Zuni) has historically been matrilocal with newly married couple settling in or near the wife's family. (In these societies women generally own the home and resources of the family.) These tribes (such as the Hopi and Zuni) are also matrilineal meaning that they trace descent through the mothers family tree. (Many American Indians had matrilineal traditions) (Most societies, however, are patrilineal meaning that they trace kinship through the father.) This means that all inheritance (land, wealth, titles) passes from father to son. We see patterns like this even in relatively recent times. Until the mid 19th century, all land inherited by women in the United States was solely owned by her husband, encouraging inheritance patterns that preference sons. Neolocality- Married couples living apart from both sets of parents. Structural functionalist emphasize the role that families play in socializing children so they can function in society, while of course also giving them emotional and material support. (Incest is illegal and was developed for people to find spouses not within their family.) Social exchange theory argues that Relationships are a form of exchange between people. Attempts to gain benefits from their interaction while avoiding the cost. If the costs outweigh the benefits the marriage ends

Theories about families and marriage (video)

Let's say a married couple just tied a knot. Where should they live?: - In a preindustrial society after a couple is married they are most likely to move with or near the husbands family. (Patrilocality) 70% have a patrilocal residence pattern. This was most common for societies with frequent warfare where families wanted to keep sons around as a form of protection.) - But in some pre-industrial societies a newly married couple will practice matrilocality. Where they live with or near the wife's family. Many native American tribes particularly those in the southwestern United States (such as the Hopi and Zuni) has historically been matrilocal with newly married couple settling in or near the wife's family. (In these societies women generally own the home and resources of the family.) These tribes (such as the Hopi and Zuni) are also matrilineal meaning that they trace descent through the mothers family tree. (Most societies, however, are patrilineal meaning that they trace kinship through the father.) This means that all inheritance (land, wealth, titles) passes from father to son. (European Americans were more patrilineal.) We see patterns like this even in relatively recent times. Until the mid 19th century, all land inherited by women in the United States was solely owned by her husband, encouraging inheritance patterns that preference sons. Neolocality- Married couples living apart from both sets of parents. Structural functionalist emphasize the role that families play in socializing children so they can function in society, while of course also giving them emotional and material support. (Incest is illegal and was developed for people to find spouses not within their family.) Social exchange theory argues that Relationships are a form of exchange between people. Attempts to gain benefits from their interaction while avoiding the cost. If the costs outweigh the benefits the marriage ends.

Chapter 4

Many people think of class as a ladder of economic resources, with richer people and their families climbing higher than those with fewer resources. But most sociologist are interested in classes as categories in which people share a common circumstances and perspectives. The difference between the ladder view and the boxes view is vital to understanding families which are, after all, groups of people with a lot in common. —Both views show people in richer-vs-poor stations, but the ladder accentuates their status as individuals and their ability to move up and down. The boxes, on the other hand, highlight the shared positions of people in groups and also the barriers between groups that make it difficult to climb around. Which perspective captures the modern experience of class matters because it may reflect how people see themselves and how they behave in everything from marriage decisions to parenting styles to political action.

Continued

Max Weber believe that the opportunity to succeed is crucial to the definition of class. Webers work is the source of the sociological concept life chances, defined as the practical opportunity to achieve desired material conditions and personal experiences. For Weber, it is not abstract freedom but the practical ability to achieve that defines a persons life chances. This concept is different from the conventional American view of opportunity, which focuses on the absence of formal obstacles to success. (For example, in a capitalist economy, a person with a few material resources or skills does not have high life chances, even if that person has the hypothetical possibility of becoming rich, because the practical chance of doing so is very small.) The concept of life chances helps explains how social class works within families. The job or income of a parent clearly affects the chances of his or her spouse and children. (Thus, the income and other resources of those who are connected to influence the life chances of each of us and therefore our class position.) - Social capital is the access to resources a person has by virtue of relationships and connections within a social network. (Belonging to a group, such as a family or an exclusive club, makes it possible for people to draw from the resources held by all of it's members.) Ideals and knowledge can be thought of as a resource acquired thru a social network as well, such as learning how to act in different situations or being taught skills and certain kinds of work. Naturally, the resources of the group are not automatically shared equally with everyone. Instead, getting access to those resources depends on being a group member in good standing, which requires effort and upkeep. —————-In family terms, that may mean offering ones own resources to other family members, protecting the family name and reputation, and obeying one elders or at least being polite at Thanksgiving dinner. Social capital is not some thing that only rich people have. After all, poor people might get jobs from their uncles as well. But the amount of social capital in addition to the amount of money in their pockets is one of the things that divide those in lower classes from those in upper classes.

Children and families: fewer and more tender

Monumental changes in family life in the 19th century was to drop in the number of children in each family. Particularly due to couples learning how to prevent pregnancy. Mass production of condoms began in the mid-1800s, although most couples practiced withdrawal or limited the frequency of intercourse, as birth control information was not widely available in many places. Fewer children died after the mid 19th century, the rate of infant deaths (those in the first year of life) was cut almost in half in just 50 years and has declined even more dramatically since 1900. During the 19th century children's individuality emerged as a valued ideal, reinforced by the drop in the number of children and their greater likelihood of surviving. Children more often had their own rooms in the family home, with toys and books made especially for them. And they were less often named after their parents helping to instill in independent identity. (The prevailing view of children's morality also changed, as a new generation of experts declared that children were a blank state of innocence, displacing the Calvinist notion that they harbored evil spirits that needed to be crushed.) The change in thinking occurred as men started to work outside the home more often. So it was mothers who embrace the new, tinder form of parenting, replacing the harsh discipline of fathers. Fathers took on the role of moral authorities who ideally lead more by persuasion then by force, and children especially sons began to question thier fathers domination in the family.

American stories

Native Americans: Hundreds of tribes were once spread all across North America. They shrunk to a tiny fraction of the US population —is one of conquest, genocide, oppression, and perpetual struggle. Many Native Americans living hundreds of miles from their ancestral homelands, in territories chosen by the government for their undesirable qualities, — those harsh realities remain very real to the present day. On the other hand, the family life of American Indians has been crucial to their survival and persistence and gives meaning to the lives of many people who remain connected to the cultural traditions of their ancestors. -By the start of the 20th century the population has been catastrophically reduced by 2/3 or more by disease and war. -Native Americans make up about 2% of the US population. (Even though their numbers have increased in population they still only make us 2%.) Native Americans are more likely to live in foster care. (Foster families) 4 times more likely. Families were essential building blocks of social structure for American Indians before their contact with Europeans. Their societies frequently stressed the value of cooperation over competition, the well-being of the collective over that of the individual, and a spiritual orientation. Analysis of their essential languages show the family boundaries were often drawn broadly. For example, among the Hopi, mothers' sisters were also called mother and maternal cousins were called brother and sister. historical practices among American Indians; the acceptance of a informal same sex marriage. (In these couples, one of the members fulfilled the duties, commonly performed by members of the other sex. Rather than being stigmatize, this cross-gendered role, was often a recognized status, constituting in effect a third gender identity. Grandparents are more likely to be involved in caring for their grandchildren. Most American Indians left tribal lands during the 20th century and worked their way into main stream American society. By 2010, just 22% of people with an American Indian racial identity were living on reservations or other tribal lands, where social and economic conditions are often desperate. In addition to being among the poorest groups in society, American Indians face a unique constellation of health problems, mostly resulting from poverty and social isolation. These include a high risk of obesity and diabetes, as well as alcoholism and it's related maladies, such as family disruption. They also experience high rates of accidental and violent death, including suicide, especially in young men. The gambling industry has provided casinos in many Native Indian communities (as a source of income for them etc.)

Poverty line

Poverty line Is the level of income below which the federal government defines a family or individual as poor. Poverty increased dramatically during the 2000s. Poverty is connected by race/ethnicity Poverty is closely related to family structure. (For example, people who live in households headed by a single mother are much more likely to be poor than other groups in the United States.) Poverty for old people has dropped dramatically since the 1960s. ( the Social Security program, that distributed more money to retired people, so people started working longer into old age, and poverty rates plummeted.) People in poverty suffer from serious deprivation. (For example, about half of the children and families below the poverty line experience at least one of these hardships in a given year ———> periods of food shortage, overcrowded housing, being late on rent or mortgage, and not going to the doctor when necessary.) Housing insecurity is common. (About 600,000 people are homeless, that is, living in homeless shelters, on the streets, in cars, in abandon buildings, or another place that is not intended as dwellings.) Many people move in and out of poverty. (Poverty is an experience that many more Americans have at some point in their lives) Money is the most important factor separating children of single mothers from those whose parents are married and living together because of their lower incomes. Single mothers have less time to spend with their children than do married parents. That is probably because there's only one parent, but also because of the time demands on low income mothers who must work to support their families. Social capital. After starting with a smaller family network, children and single parent families may have access to fewer resources from adults; especially economically successful adults, who can support them in various ways as they grow up.

Race & Ethnicity: Crash Course

Race: Used to categorize people who share biological traits that a society thinks are important. (skin color) (based on observable physical traits; and ethnicities aren't.) *A social construct and based on biology. Ethnicities Are socially constructed categories based on cultural traits that a society finds important rather than strictly biological traits. same ethnicity, different races cameron Diaz is cuban American (white/hispanic) Rosario Dawson is cuban American (black/hispanic) (Hispanic refers to ethnicity and not race.) (Jewish is known as both race and ethnicity) 2 people of different races might share an ethnicity and 2 people of the same race might be of totally different ethnicities. Ethnic group: A group that has a shared cultural heritage. (language, tradition, religion) Latino Americano Someone whose heritage originates from nations in the Americas that are south of the United States. Including Mexico, all of South America, and the Caribbean. *Unlike race, which is based on observable, physical traits, ethnicities aren't. (In fact, two people of the same ethnicity can be entirely different races.) Minority: Any category of people, who are distinguished by physical or cultural difference, that a society sets apart and subordinates. - Minorities share a distinctive identity based on physical or cultural traits. - Minorities occupy a lower status in society and have less access to the levelers of societal power. South African apartheid From 1948 to 1994, a white minority maintained a system of racial segregation and discrimination against black South Africans.

Phillip Cohen video

Sociology is interested in: - Where the macro and micro meet. - Where biography and history meet. - a lot of that happens in families. -It's where social structure becomes internalized into our personalities early in life. -It's where our most intimate relationships reflect the most important structural features and events in society. For example, We talk about who people marry or how people decide whether to have children. • Self efficacy (When they feel like they can shape their own destiny) a component of social structure. —( if you don't have self efficacy it affects all your decisions and your relationships. example, the decline in marriage) • Inequality and anxiety (A Main indicator we used to study inequality was the Gini index, that indicates the income or wealth between rich and poor. In the US that's been increasing for about half a century, but what happens at a larger scale is that it ends up corrupting various aspects of the economy and society.) Gini index is a measure of inequality in which 0 represents complete equality and 1 represents complete inequality. 0 (all families have the same income) 1 (one family has all of the income) income inequality has increased dramatically. Ex: Companies like Walmart and amazon dictate working wages for millions of people (We creates a system where the richest are working for themselves and everyone else is working around that) At the bottom we have a weak social floor— how far will we let people fall and just what a toll it takes some people with regard to security and stability. (So, our inability to raise and stabilize the floor is standing in the way of improving life for everyone) • Haven in a heartless world: A place where emotional connections rule over material principles— people pull together in hard times and they can trust each other and rely on each other (that's the idea win & some people get towards achieving that. At the lower end of the class spectrum that may be achieved by drawing on the wider network. The extended family.) • Impression management: It's part of the human condition but it shows up especially in social media. (Where are you have more choices but you need to justify them to other people and to yourself.) • The pandemic: Large shocks have a way of propelling things in the direction they were already going. Or maybe that's an allusion a kind of confirmation bias where I see when I already believe is there; everywhere I look today I see inequality growing. -Educational disparities are growing -Family violence and abuse -Economic inequalities are worsening as well. (A lot of job cuts) Long term effect of this crisis. -Birth rates declining -Single people

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic internationalism is a theory concerned with the ability of humans to see themselves through the eyes of others and to enact social rules based on others expectations. This theory gets its name from the idea that social rules are symbols, which have real meaning only when they are acted out in relation to other people (interaction). People made adopt many social rules (for example, president, nurse, football player, husband, or pediatrician.) But it is the act of performing a given role in relation to others that gives it its meaning. Human self-identity is formed through the action and from the reactions to our behavior that we expect and observe in everyone else. Symbolic interactionists: Take an objective view on any social institution. When they look at family they argue that families are shaped by our own individual experiences. so, no two families are the same (may not be the same); they also see the family as a social construction. The intimate nature of this process makes the family an ideal setting for developing this theory. Because social roles do not exist in isolation, but rather only in interaction, we need to observe behavior within the family to see how family rules are defined and what they mean. This theory has been useful for studying social change, when roles and the informal rules that govern behavior are not clearly defined. For example, being a parent means different things for people who are married versus those who are single, and the role of husband or wife comes with different expectations for men and women who are employed versus those who are not. (We can see the new meanings assigned to the rules of parent and spouse only by observing how they are acted out in the daily lives of the people who occupy them.)

The breadwinner - homemaker family

The breadwinner-homemaker family is an employed father, a non-employed mother, and their children. Talcott Parsons: believed that what he saw as the essence of families - was essential to the preservation of the family as an institution. He thought it provided the basis for stability and cooperation. There was mutual compatibility between men and women with each one performing a separate necessary function. Parsons called these functions the instrumental role of the husband and the expressive role of the wife. Parsons concluded that successful organizations have instrumental leadership that took charge of interaction with the outside world (for example, on questions of economic and trade. Balancing that was the expressive leadership necessary to provide emotional support, nurturing, and caring for the group.) The division of labor within breadwinner- homemaker families: in which the husband works outside the home and the wife works inside the home, fit into Parsons belief of dichotomy between instrumental and expressive leadership. And maintaining this balance was essential to the success of the family as an institution. This theory helps us understand the nuclear family as a model and how it might work as an ideal.

Family and state: monogamous morality

The Family household under the principle of Separate spheres was increasingly seen as a private place, caring for its members and raising its children instead of producing goods and services for public trade and consumption. In most cases, the state did not interfere with husbands authority. Under coverture, a wife was incorporated into her husband's citizenship, under his name, and the husband was The Family's representative when it came to interacting with the authorities or the law. (Peace within the family required strong male leadership, just as peace within the nation required a strong federal government.) In colonial times, most marriages have been blessed by local authorities alone, if at all, and there was very little civil regulation of family life. In the industrial era however, the states practical authority increased. The federal regulation a family life revolves around marriage and citizenship. Because a married man was the real citizen in the household, representing the rest of the family in the political arena, it made sense to insist that his marriage credentials were legitimate. In the name of safeguarding the character of the nation, then, the government began enforcing a sort of national monogamous morality when it came to family definition. Monogamous morality wrote into law rules for marriage which included monogamy. This required women to be faithful to their husbands (not necessarily the other way around) while husband supported their lives and children economically.

The American class structure

The capitalist and corporate managerial class: This very small group is sometimes called the 1%, although the actual number is not certain; upper class may be a more appropriate label. 2.7% of American adults identify themselves as upper class. They have an extremely high standard of living, as well as both economic and political influence far beyond their numbers. The middle class: This much larger group has historically had relatively stable jobs based on their higher education or technical skills and credentials. Although their standard of living is much more modest than that of the upper class, they are able to meet basic needs, including healthcare and education, and usually own homes. (Somewhat less than half the US population (42.4%) chooses this category to describe themselves. The working class: Although lacking the higher education or training of the middle class, this large group has a standard of living similar to that of the middle class, but with much less stability. Their jobs, once based in industries with strong labor unions or government protections, are less secure, and they more often experience economic shocks that threaten their way of life— as was painfully apparent during the recession of the late 2000s. In the GSS, this group is slightly larger, 47%. The lower class: Most people in this group do not have higher education or skilled jobs, so their families have low incomes and a higher degree of economic insecurity. As their job situation fluctuates, they may experience periods of poverty, including lack of adequate medical care and housing. Among this group are the very poor, who are unstable to compete for the jobs that might lift them out of poverty. They usually depend on government assistance for much of their food, medical care, or housing. Only 7.9% of the population identifies as lower class in the GSS, but based on their economic conditions, most sociologist believe that this group is larger.

The conflict perspective

The conflict perspective is the view that opposition and conflict define a given society and are necessary for social evolution. structural functionalism starts from the premise that consensus and harmony form the basis of society, conflict perspective takes on the opposite view; that opposition and conflict define a given society and are necessary for social evolution. This theory developed in reaction to the dominance of structural functionalism, suggesting that change, rather than stability, is the dynamic we need to explain. What came to be known as conflict theory drew on the work of Karl Marx and others who believe that inequality & the conflict it causes are what drive history forward. (The theory argues that expressing conflict over differences is often the best way to arrive at positive changes in families, organizations, and society at large.) Some conflict theorists describe the modern nuclear family as a tool for enhancing the profits of the rich at the expense of the poor. Connecting family inequality to Karl Marx's theory of capitalism, they argue that the work that wives have historically done at home without pay (nurturing and caring, cooking and cleaning, raising the children) takes care of the men; so, employers don't have to pay them as much. In turn, husbands maintain domination within the family and provide stability to the system. Conflict theorists focus on the competing interests of family members to understand family problems; for example, child abuse or divorce. Rather than see the different roles of men and women as harmonious and functional, conflict theorist see them as part of an unstable system ripe for conflict and change. They believe that all roads lead to conflict. So, when they look at the family they see the family like most institutions perpetuating inequality; especially for women. They believe the family unit contribute to social inequality in the following ways: • Passing down property through sons • Reinforcing patriarchal ideas and attitudes through the sexual and economic control of women: To conflict theorists marriage is an institution that was created to benefit men. (Controlling women's body and economically.) • Endogamous marriage: Marrying someone of your own social category. (Conflict theorists believe this perpetuate hierarchies and structural differences between groups.) (Conflict theory may suffer from an emphasis on opposition and power struggles to the exclusion of the many ways that family members truly love and care for each other.)

Stages of Family Crash course video:

The family life cycle is the developmental stages that a family passes through overtime. First stage of family life is courtship. Courtship is the period of developing a relationship with an eye toward marriage or long-term partnership. Arrange marriage: In which a marriage is negotiated between two families in order to create stronger bonds between them. Homogamy: A marriage between people with similar social backgrounds. (Like educational achievement or class standing) Propinquity a physical proximity to another person. The divorce rate in the US has been on the decline since the 1990s. (Fewer people are marrying and fewer people are marrying young.) Divorce rates are higher for low income and less educated Americans, who are also the socioeconomic group with the greatest declines in marriage rates in the last 40 years. The sandwich generation are people who care for their aging parents at the same time that they provide care for children living in their household.

black and white

The first US law prohibiting marriage between blacks and whites was passed in Maryland and 1661, and most African-Americans live under such a loss until the 1960s. One-drop rule ensured that their children (white man, black woman/slave) remained slaves, protecting the perceived integrity of the White race. Laws against interracial marriage were common in the 20th century and we're on the books in 16 states when they were declared unconstitutional in the 1967 Supreme Court case loving vs. Virginia. They believed that a white-black pregnancy was at the same level of shame, as one resulting from rape. African Americans remain a minority group that is least likely to marry outside their own race. And it is even less common among black women than it is among black men. 2/3 of American Indians who married paired up with someone of a different race. The other minority groups were in between, with about 1/3 of Asian Americans and 1/4 of Latinos are much more likely to marry someone outside the group.

Assimilation

The gradual reduction of ethnic distinction between immigrants and the main stream society. New groups blend into American society to varying degrees. (Both the immigrant group and the main stream culture adapt to each other, moving toward the point perhaps never fully reached, when the ethnic distinction is no longer recognized at all.) Unlike acculturation, assimilation is successful only when the whole society except the new group. For example, some highly educated Asian immigrants have come as professional workers with good jobs waiting for them, meanwhile Latinos have come as manual labor's (sometimes illegally), and most recently some Syrians have arrived as refugees from that country's brutal Civil War. (Each of these circumstances leads to a very different experience of acculturation and assimilation.) Researchers refer to immigrants according to their relation to the families migration. -The first generation is the immigrants themselves, the second generation is their children, and so on. (Each generation has their own experience, and in some cases that fosters a strong self-identity.) researchers have discovered that the age that which people immigrate, not just their generation, has a major impact on their role and the families acculturation.

Two institutional arenas that have direct interactions with the family (the state and the market)

The state includes many different organizations filled with people in many roles. The state is the institutional arena where, through political means, behavior is legally regulated, violence is controlled, and resources are redistributed. The regulation of behavior is set out in laws and policies, and these are enforced with the threat or use of violence. For example, family court, the prison system and the armed forces. The state affects family directly through regulation, such as granting marriage licenses & facilitating divorces, and by redistributing resources. Redistribution takes place by taxing families and individuals and then spending tax money on education, healthcare, social security, welfare, and other programs. The state also regulates the behavior of economic organization and collects taxes and fees from them. (the state has direct relations with the market.) The market is the institutional arena where labor for pay, economic exchange, and wealth accumulation takes place. All these activities are closely related to family life. For example, when parents decide whether to work for pay or stay home with their kids, they have to consider the jobs they can't get and the cost of daycare and other services. The book uses the idea of institutional arenas as a way to understand how larger forces interact with individuals and families, to shape family life and how the family in turn contribute to larger social trends. Examples: -The market makes available or not the child care services many parents need for their children. -The laws and regulations of the state determine who can and cannot get married. - All three arenas overlap in the welfare system, as poor families decide how to care for their children, with a mix of support from the government and income from their jobs. People's roles in the family arena are strongly influenced by the actions of the major arenas, the state in the market. As these examples show, the services available in the market, and the policies of the government, all affect the way people make the most important decisions about family life.

The legal family

There is no universal legal definition, but the legal family is generally defined as a group of individuals related by birth, marriage, or adoption. This appears to be a straightforward definition, but in law the meaning of almost every word may be contested and subject to change. • The supreme court ruled in United States v. Windsor (2013) that the federal government must recognize all marriages that are legally valid in the states, granting same sex couples access to all federal benefits, from health coverage and Social Security pensions to the right to be buried in veterans cemetery's with their spouses. (In 2015, Obergefell v. Hodges-- the court went further, finally guaranteeing same sex couples the right to marriage in every state.)

Families and their social classes

Thinking about families grouped into a social class helps us to understand a crucial aspect of class: class identity which is defined as the awareness of, and sense of belonging to, a specific social class. With class identity, they become familiar social settings with the strength of ways of life and patterns of interaction. Because social class involves intimate, lifelong family relationships, classes develops your patterns of thinking and acting. (These patterns are partly the result of similar economic circumstances and experiences, such as owning wealth and property (or not), working for others vs. managing others at work, and so on. But they also follow from the every day interactions their members half with each other, through which they socialize with each other and build a repertoire of expected and acceptable behavior, similar to the process that happens within families. The concept of class identity, helps us with figuring out who belongs in which social class -the fact that many people have fluctuating incomes. (For example, poorer families may see their incomes bubbling up and down around the bare minimum as they navigate between different jobs and income sources. Middle-class families experience fluctuations as well, even if they don't usually rise to the level of ending the family survival. (Class identity on the other hand, is more durable, persisting for years, if not generations.) That is because people are raised and socialize according to their families class perspectives and behavior and expectations of those around them. Further, their social capital helps smooth out the unevenness in their circumstances from year to year. During good years they may help friends and relatives, and during lean years, they may draw on help from others. In general, when the barriers between classes are strong, class identity tends to be stronger as well, because it is reinforced by close contact among people belonging to a given class. On the other hand, when people flow easily between classes, the tendency to identify with their own class origins is weaker. In fact, the number of classes, or even the existence of discrete, identifiable classes, it's not always certain.

Chapter 2.

This chapter will focus on the development a family as it institutional arena; the social space we are related people interact around commonly excepted rules and rules. Nuclear family: A married couple living with their own (usually biological) children and no extended family members. Conjugal family: When a nuclear family is also functionally independent of extended family members, some social scientists call it a conjugal family. This is the modern ideal many people associate with the 1950s and 1960s, when new suburban homes, with trim lawns in pricket fences, reinforced the image of the family, as an independent or even isolated unit. Heterogamy: Marriage between a man and a woman Homogamy: marriage between two people of the same-sex.

Time use studies

Time use studies are surveys that collect data on how people spend their time during a sample period, such as a single day or week Used to develop a more detailed account of what goes on within families. Some of these studies are simply surveys in which the question focus on how people spend their time. Others use time diaries. Rather than asking people, for example, how many hours last week they spent watching TV or reading to the children, time diary studies ask people to record what they were doing, where they were, and who they were with for small increments of time over an entire day. This method provides a window into the minute interactions that make up family life, but permits studying larger groups of people than is possible with in-depth interviews or observation.

Studying families

To develop deeper knowledge often requires using more information then we started looking for when studying families. (For example, we know that African-Americans on average are less likely to marry than whites. However, to understand the reasons for that gap, we must look at a variety of factors, including not just individual preferences but also poverty, college attendance rates, income difference between men and women, and even incarceration & mortality rates. To understand the core facts requires knowledge of the context in which those factors occur. Another issue we must contend with in research on families is the problem of telling the difference between correlation and cause. Many things are observed occurring together (correlation) without one causing the other. Although there are many sources of information, they are almost as many sources of bias. Bias is the tendency to impose previously held views on the collection and interpretation of facts. (Bias can't always be eliminated, but we can increase accountability and transparency.) Sociologist prefer publicly funded studies which make their data freely available and which in principle are reputable by other researchers. That is, nothing is hidden about the way the information is collected and analyzed. And before results are accepted as reliable, a system of peer review is employed and which other scholars review the work anonymously checking for any sources of error, including bias, logical flaws, or simple mistakes in the analysis.

continued

Which factor below classifies how a persons race is determined? Biological Traits According to the YouTube video "The Myth of the Absent Black father", why are Black fathers being seen as absent in their children's lives? Select all that apply. Social media distortion and Stereotypes on Black men and Black families Indigenous/Native Americans have been greatly oppressed throughout the history of the United States. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the current oppression of Indigenous/Native Americans? They lack access to appropriate medical care, leading to high rates of heart disease and diabetes. Lily was born outside of the U.S, she moved to California with her family when she was ten years old. Lily does speak English but is not perfect. Lily is considered as 1.5 generation Ukrainian girl who is an immigrant has gone to American school and will now attend an American college. She spends time primarily with her American friends, dresses as they do, and shares their values and interest. It is an example of Acculturation Andy is an African American that considers himself to be a Muslim man. Placing himself into the category "Muslim" is a description/example of his ethnicity Which answer choice best defines intragenerational mobility? Makayla moves up the social ladder during the course of her life. The United States has a high poverty rate for a developed nation. Which of the following statements is true about measuring poverty? The way we measure poverty must be flexible, as well as geographically specific, to be accurate.

Increasing inequality

a indicator we used to study inequality is the Gini index, that indicates the income or wealth between rich and poor. In the US that's been increasing for about half a century, but what happens at a larger scale is that it ends up corrupting various aspects of the economy and society.) Gini index is a measure of inequality in which 0 represents complete equality and 1 represents complete inequality. 0 (all families have the same income) 1 (one family has all of the income) At the bottom: Keeping the poor from improving their lot. (Among the lowest earners, there have been changes in public policy and family structure that have kept their incomes rising. For example, the legal minimum wage, which is set by the federal government. Minimum wage has fallen. (Which has contributed to the number of poor families as well.) In the middle: Divergent fortunes. In the middle income ranges, some trends have pulled families down while others have lifted families up, resulting in a greater degree of inequality. On the other hand, the decline of the manufacturing sector in the face of global competition hurt many middle-income workers, who have previously been able to earn a good income without the benefit of a college degree (but with the help of labor unions that used to be stronger.) On the other hand, in the new service-oriented economy, Those with higher education are doing much better (think of lawyers.) At the top: The new superrich. A new pattern a very high incomes has emerged, spurred by government policies that include the deregulation of the finance industry, reduce taxes on certain kinds of income earned by the very rich, and relaxed restrictions on corporate lobbying for those policies. This includes three groups: chief executives at major corporations, who incomes include stock in the company and huge bonuses; investment bankers and financial managers who handles vast sums of money; and celebrities and superstar athletes, whose growing audiences have propelled their incomes upward. As a result, the richest one percent of individuals now earn more than 20% of our income in the country.

Fast facts about baby boomers video

baby boom: the period of high birth rates in the united states between 1946 and 1964. 1. 76,000,000 This is the number of people in the baby boomer generation born between 1946 and 1964. (They were the largest generation in US history and represented nearly 40% of the population) 2. 10,643,238 This is the number of soldiers in the US military that returned home after serving in World War II. (They were eager to start families hopeful that their children would enjoy a more prosperous America filled with the ideals and morals they fought for overseas.) 3. $60 This is the amount of money that American soldiers got when they came home from World War I. (World War II vets had it way better thanks to the G.I. Bill. The G.I. Bill is a legislation that gave them the ability to attend college and buy a home; things that allowed them to be secure in stating a family. The helping hand provided by the G.I. Bill contributed to the rise of baby boomer prosperity. 4. 70% This is the percentage of disposable income controlled by baby boomers in America today. And with all that money to throw around, most of their money go towards travel, health, wellness, and pampering their pets. 5. 2041 This is the year that the US is expected to run out of money for Social Security. (The federal program that provides financial benefits for retired people.) Boomers are retiring in droves meaning more people will be dependent on Social Security; it also means less workers in the labor force paying taxes to fund those benefits. (the experts believe that raising the retirement age and changing Social Security structure can help save it.) Baby boomers are known as one of the most influential generations in history; they changed American society and gave the next generations the cultural freedoms they enjoy. Without baby boomers America wouldn't be as free or prosperous as it is today.

social mobility crash course (video)

social mobility is the movement up or down, between social classes. Intragenerational mobility: How a person moves up or down the social ladder during their lifetime. Intergenerational mobility is the movement and social position across generations. (For example, are you doing better or worse than your parents were when they were your age?) Absolute mobility is when you move up or down an absolute terms. (Are you better or worse than before?) (Ex: Like, if you made 50,000 a year now and made 40,00 20 years ago, you experienced upward mobility in an absolute sense.) Relative mobility is how you move up or down and social position compared to the rest of society. (Yes you're still better off than you were 20 years ago, but are you doing better/worse relative to your peers?) We can measure social mobility quantitatively using measures of economic mobility, like by comparing your income to your parents income at the same age. (Or we can look at mobility using qualitative measures, a common measure used by sociologist is occupational status.) About 80% of children experience horizontal social mobility. Horizontal social mobility is they work in a different occupation than their parents, but remain in a similar social position. - A recent analysis of tax data by a group of economists and sociologist found the absolute mobility has a declined over the last half century. (The other bad news is that within a single generation social mobility is stagnant.) - Social mobility differs by race, ethnicity gender and education. (For example, white Americans see more upward mobility than black Americans.) Black Americans also face higher rates of downward mobility, being more likely to move out of the middle class than white Americans. - Women as a whole have experienced absolute mobility (85% of women earned higher wages than their mothers did.) -About half of women born in the bottom quintile are still there at age 40 compared to only about 1/3 of men. (They also experience more downward mobility) -Being married is a huge plus for social mobility, because two incomes are better than one. (People who marry tend to accumulate wealth much faster than those who are single, making it easier to ascend the social ladder.)