chapter 13 15 16 che 4 homework falshcards continued

what to do in order to speed up a reaction of an enzymatic reaction going on at optimum Ph and optimum temperature

Add more substrate; it will out-compete the inhibitor and increase the rate.

active site

An enzyme that removes amine groups from molecules is called a

how do enzymes make chemical reactions in the body proceed at faster rates ?

Enzymes lower the energy of activation for a reaction, which allows more reacting molecules to form product.

meat becomes firm when cooked during denaturation

Heat disrupts hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions which causes the proteins of the meat to coagulate.

how are heavy metals such as lead and mercury toxic for humans

Heavy metals disrupt the disulfide bonds important in the tertiary structure of proteins in the body.

acetylcholinesterase

Insecticides and nerve gases act as irreversible inhibitors of_______, an enzyme needed for nerve conduction.

Prior to giving an injection, the skin is wiped with an alcohol swab (in denaturation)

The alcohol on the swab coagulates the proteins of any bacteria present on the surface of the skin by forming hydrogen bonds and disrupting hydrophobic interactions.

why does pineapple tenderize meat

The enzyme in fresh pineapple reacts with protein as it breaks it down. Protein forms the tissue and structures that give meat its texture. If these proteins are broken down by the pineapple enzyme, then the meat will lose its toughness and become more tender.

irreversible inhibitor

Usually, an irreversible inhibitor forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity.

enzyme

When the noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, the shape of the _____ is distorted.

LDH enzyme in the heart

consists of 4 H polypeptide subunits

LDH isoenzyme in the liver

consists of 4 M polypeptide units

why do chemical reactions in the body require enzymes

enzymes catalyze reactions in the body

competitive inhibitor

has a structure that is so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enzyme just like the substrate. -competes with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme

noncompetitive

inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site

denaturation

involves the disruption of bonds in the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structures

basic amino acids

lysine, arginine, histidine

secondary

structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain.

tertiary

structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids

quaternary

structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex.

primary

structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

primary

the structural level of a protein that an enzyme destroys

dipeptide

when two amino acids join a __ forms

Fresh pineapple contains an enzyme that breaks down protein, which means that a gelatin dessert containing protein ___turn solid. The high temperatures used to prepare canned pineapple will denature the enzyme so that it no longer can break down the protein in gelatin.

would not, high temperatures, denature