Chapter 13

How much should a woman gain during pregnancy if she is overweight when she gets pregnant?

15 to 25 pounds

A baby born weighing 7 pounds should weigh approximately _____ by the first birthday.

21 pounds

Which of the following is NOT a result of alcohol consumption by women during pregnancy?

A high birthweight infant

Which woman is at the greatest risk of NOT developing a healthy placenta?

A woman who eats less than 800 calories per day

Which of the following should be entirely avoided during pregnancy?

Alcohol

Which of the following statements is true about alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

Alcohol limits oxygen delivery to the fetus.

Which statement about the nutrient composition of breast milk is true?

Alpha-lactalbumin is the most abundant protein in breast milk.

Which of the following is a fatal neural tube defect?

Anencephaly

Which of the following recommendations is NOT one of the Dietary Guidelines key recommendations from birth to two years of age?

Avoid giving potentially allergenic foods until age one.

Which of the following foods does NOT contain vitamin B12?

Black beans

What are the risks of hypertension during pregnancy?

Both chronic and gestational hypertension increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

What would you recommend to prevent or relieve heartburn during pregnancy?

Chewing food thoroughly

Which of the following nutrients is required for the normal development of the brain and spinal cord during pregnancy?

Choline

Which of the following would you recommend to parents when feeding 1-year-olds?

Do not force children to accept new foods.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the nutrient intake of pregnant women?

During pregnancy, the iron requirement is so high that supplements are recommended.

What should a woman who drinks a glass of wine with her dinner daily consider when she becomes pregnant?

Even a small amount of alcohol during a critical growth period can be damaging.

The stage of human gestation from eight weeks after conception until the birth of an infant is called a(n) ________.

Fetus

Which of the following nutrients is critical for preventing neural tube defects?

Folate

Which of the following is a scientifically proven example of how nutrients in foods affect gene expression and disease development?

Folate and B12 supplements given during pregnancy have shown the gene-silencing effect by transferring methyl groups.

What should a woman know if she develops preeclampsia during her pregnancy?

Her symptoms will likely disappear within a few days after delivery.

Both of your friend's parents have heart disease. She is considering genetic profiling for herself so that she can see what changes she can make in her lifestyle to reduce her risk of developing the disease. What advice would you give her about genetic profiling?

It can help her develop a personalized prevention program.

What is a characteristic of colostrum?

It is a secretion that contains antibodies from the mother's blood.

Which of the following statements is true of a placenta?

It is an organ that helps in the exchange of nutrients and oxygen wastes between the mother and fetus.

Which of the following statements is true of preeclampsia?

It is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine.

Generally, how does the nutritional deprivation of a mother affect breast milk production?

It reduces the quantity of milk.

A woman who has just become pregnant is used to drinking 2 pots of coffee a day. What adjustments should she make in her caffeine consumption?

Limit coffee consumption to a maximum of 2 cups a day.

Which of the following is a foodborne infection that can cause severe brain infection or death in a fetus or a newborn?

Listeriosis

Which of the following minerals is involved in building the fetal skeleton during pregnancy?

Magnesium

Which of the following factors does NOT make a pregnancy high risk?

Maternal age of 21

Tanisha has given birth to a small, low-birthweight infant. Which of the following factors is most likely to have made the greatest contribution to this situation?

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy

Which of the following is NOT a folate-fortified food source?

Milk

Which of the following statements is true of gestational diabetes?

Poorly treated gestational diabetes may lead to a difficult childbirth and necessitate a cesarean section.

Laila is 22 weeks pregnant. She develops blurred vision, constant headaches, upper abdominal pain, hypertension, edema, and protein in her urine. Which of the following conditions is Laila likely suffering from?

Preeclampsia

Which of the following statements is true regarding physical activity for women during pregnancy?

Pregnant women are encouraged to perform moderate physical activity.

Which of the following complications is likely to occur when a woman has uncontrolled high blood pressure during her pregnancy?

Preterm delivery

Which food should be introduced first when feeding an infant?

Rice cereal

What advice would you give a pregnant 17-year-old girl about her nutrient intake?

She needs to take a prenatal vitamin supplement to be certain she is getting enough folate.

Which of the following is caused by the improper closure of the neural tube?

Spina bifida

Adrian is a 6-month-old infant. Which of the following foods can be fed to Adrian?

Textured vegetables

Which characteristic is the single most potent indicator of an infant's future health status?

The infant's birthweight

Which of the following statements is true of fetal alcohol syndrome?

The most severe impact caused by the intake of alcohol occurs during the first two months of pregnancy.

Which factor is critical in determining whether a mother can grow a healthy placenta during the first month of gestation?

The mother's nutrition before pregnancy

What is the most important factor governing the addition of new foods to a baby's diet?

The need to detect and control allergic reactions

A woman has gained 30 pounds in the first two months of her pregnancy and has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes. What should she know about this condition?

This condition usually goes away after the baby is born.

An obese woman is trying to get pregnant with her first baby. What advice would you give her?

Try to achieve a healthy weight before getting pregnant.

Babies that are exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months need supplements of _______.

Vitamin D

Which of the following is NOT found in human breast milk?

Vitamin D

How does malnutrition during critical periods of development affect the fetus during pregnancy?

When the development of an organ is impaired, the damage is irreversible.

Which of the following minerals is required for protein synthesis and cell development during pregnancy?

Zinc

At eight weeks of development, the fetus has developed all of the following except:

fully formed facial features.

Large globular proteins that provide structural support to chromosomes that help activate or silence gene expression are __________.

histones

During pregnancy, constipation can be relieved by:

increasing vegetable servings.

You are counseling a pregnant woman who is experiencing morning sickness. To alleviate this condition, you tell her to:

nibble on soda crackers or dry toast.

During pregnancy, consumption of certain types of fish is recommended as they are rich sources of ___________.

omega-3 fatty acids

All of the following are recommended for vegetarian women during pregnancy except:

protein supplements.

If you want to make your own baby food at home, it is best to:

puree a small amount of cooked food that has not been seasoned.

The epigenome of a DNA strand:

regulates the expression of genes by turning them off and on.

The use of commercial formula for feeding an infant is most appropriate when:

the mother is HIV positive.

Hannah is pregnant and follows a vegan diet. She is at risk for developing a deficiency of ________.

vitamin B12