Chapter 13

Language Guidelines

1) Avoid profanity and do not insult the audience, 2) Err on the side of caution, 3) Avoid offensive language i/e: 'gay,' 'retarded,' etc., 4) Be cautious as you speak

Types of Delivery Styles

1) Impromptu, 2) Extemporaneous, 3) Manuscript, 4) Memory

Guidelines for Public Speaking

1) Manage public speaking anxiety - communication apprehension, 2) Analyze and adapt to your audience - know their knowledge level, interests, education levels, and values, 3) Listen critically to other speakers

Public Speaking Process

1) Practice your speech, 2) Present your speech, 3) Evaluate and critique yourself

Types of Public Speaking Anxiety

1) Public Speaking as Communication Apprehension, 2) Situational Anxiety, 3) Chronic Anxiety

Tips for Managing Public Speaking Anxiety

1) Systematic Desensitization, 2) Cognitive Restructuring, 3) Positive Visualization, 4) Skills Training

Purposes of Public Speaking

1) To entertain, 2) To inform, 3) Persuade

Impromptu Delivery

A delivery style that involves little preparation; speakers think on their feet as they talk about ideas and positions with which they are familiar

Comparison (Analogy)

A form of evidence associating two things that are similar or different in some important way or ways

Example

A form of evidence in which a single instance is used to make a point, to dramatize an idea, or to personalize information. The four types of examples are undetailed, detailed hypothetical, and anecdotal

Quotation

A form of evidence that uses exact citations of others' statements, also called 'testimony'

Statistics

A form of evidence that uses numbers to summarize a great many individual cases or to demonstrate relationships between phenomena

Skills Training

A method of reducing communication apprehension that assumes that anxiety results from lack of speaking skills and thus can be reduced by learning skills

Cognitive Restructuring

A method of reducing communication apprehension that involves teaching people to revise how they think about speaking situations

Systematic Desensitization

A method of reducing communication apprehension, that first teaches people how to relax physiologically and then helps them practice feeling relaxed as they imagine themselves in progressively more difficult communication situations

Memorized Delivery

A presentational style in which the speech is delivered word for word from memory

Extemporaneous Delivery

A presentational style that includes preparations and practice but not memorization of actual words and nonverbal behaviors

Manuscript Delivery

A presentational style that involves speaking from a complete manuscript of a speech

Speech to Entertain

A speech intended to amuse, interest, and engage listeners

Speech to Persuade

A speech intended to change listers' attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors or to motivate listeners to action

Speech to Inform

A speech intended to increase listeners' understanding, awareness or knowledge of some topic.

Positive Visualization

A technique for reducing speaking anxiety, in which one visualizes oneself communicating effective in progressively challenging speaking situations

Transition

A word, phrase, or sentence that connects ideas and main points in a speech so that listeners can follow a speaker

Communication Apprehension

Anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication encounters; is common and can be constructive

Situational Anxiety

Fear of public speaking based on the situation or audience

Chronic Anxiety

Fear of public speaking, no matter the variables

Evidence

Material used to interest, move, inform, or persuade people: statistics, examples, comparisons, and quotations

Oral Footnote

Phrases or sentences in a speech that acknowledge a source of evidence and sometimes explain the source's qualifications

Credibility

The ability of a person to engender belief in what he or she says or does; listeners confer or refuse to confer credibility on speakers

Halo Effect

The attribution of expertise to someone in areas unrelated to the person's actual experience

Terminal Credibility

The cumulative expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of initial and derived credibility; may be greater or less than initial credibility, depending on how effectively a speaker has communicated

Derived Credibility

The expertise and trustworthiness attributed to a speaker by listeners as a result of how the speaker communicates during a presentation

Initial Credibility

The expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker before a presentation begins. Initial credibility is based on the speaker's titles, positions, experiences, or achievements that are known to listeners before they hear the speech.

Thesis Statement

The main idea of an entire speech; should capture the key message in a concise sentence that listeners can remember easily

Situation/Audience Analysis

Thinking about who your audience is and altering your speaking style accordingly so that you can effectively structure your speech so that it is properly received

Oral Style

Visual, vocal, and verbal aspects of the delivery of a public speech or other communication

Specific Purpose

What a speaker aims to accomplish by presenting a speech; often called 'behavioral objectives'