Chapter 13

How is most carbon dioxide transported from body cells to the lungs?

as bicarbonate ion

The root word means "windpipe."

bronchi-

A small air passage that can be dilated or constricted is a(n)

bronchiole

Which disorder involves inflammation and excess mucus secretion in the lower respiratory passages?

chronic bronchitis

Caroline is a chain smoker with a respiratory infection. When Caroline coughs, it is often a dry cough with no mucus being expelled. What respiratory structures have been compromised?

cilia

Which of the following does NOT describe the respiratory membrane?

composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

The root word means "cancer."

-carcin-

The root word means "breathing."

-pnea

Oxygen Transport

1. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. 2. Oxygen enters a red blood cell. 3. Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin. 4. Oxygen is carried through blood vessels to a capillary. 5. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues

Key events in gas exchange

1.Breathing moves air in and out of lungs 2.Oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into capillaries 3. Oxygen enters RBCs, where it binds to protein hemoglobin 4.Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood 5.Carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale

trace the path that air follows to reach the lungs

Air enters through the nose or mouth. Air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi. Air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles. Air reaches small sacs called alveoli.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Alveoli

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondria > carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary > carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs > carbon dioxide diffuses into an alveolus > air exits through the nose or mouth

is difficulty breathing.

Dyspnea

Which statement is correct? In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences the respiratory rate?

amount of O2 and CO2 in the blood

is a painful condition resulting in inflammation from too little serous fluid around the lungs

Pleurisy

Which muscles contract to decrease thoracic volume and raise intrapulmonary pressure?

internal intercostal muscles

Lung cancer that begins in alveolar cells is called

adenocarcinoma

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

Which of these nonrespiratory movements can have a protective effect for the respiratory system?

cough

The root word means "difficult."

dys-

Normal breathing is called

eupnea

What term is used for the movement of oxygen into the blood of pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide into the alveolar air?

external respiration

Where are the alveoli found?

in the lungs

What is the main stimulus for increasing pulmonary ventilation during aerobic exercise?

increased concentration of carbon dioxide in blood

What is the relative pressure in the lungs during inspiration?

lower than atmospheric air pressure

What is atelectasis?

lung collapse, which results in a loss of a pressure gradient

By which of these are tiny dust particles removed from alveolar surfaces?

macrophages

What part of the respiratory passageway primarily functions to warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air?

nasal cavity

The root word means "lung."

pleur-

What keeps the visceral and parietal pleural membranes in contact with each other while also permitting these membranes to slide from side to side?

pleural fluid

Where are respiratory control centers located?

pons and medulla

What term describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

pulmonary ventilation

Which term describes the volume of air that CANNOT be exhaled?

residual volume

Micah visits his doctor complaining of a frontal headache and pressure over his cheekbones and eyes. He is congested and has a nasal discharge. Micah's voice has an odd nasal sound. What is the doctor's diagnosis of Micah's condition?

sinusitis

What lowers the surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli, preventing collapse of the lung?

surfactant

During inhalation

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.