chapter 13

Peter's parents are worried that their son is drinking too much. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. Which theory best illustrates the nature of adolescent drug use?

A) Many problems experienced by adolescents are relatively transitory in nature.

Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?

A) alcohol

At age 17, Cherise is a frequent drug user. It is most probable that:

A) her problem behavior began by age 7.

The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is:

A) the subjective state of distress.

_______________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an

B) Anxiety; delinquency

Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society?

B) Brian first tried alcohol as an early adolescent and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.

Research on problem behaviors suggests that

B) risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents.

Christi suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and sadness. Christi's problems fall into which category?

C) comorbidity

Which would be considered a cognitive symptom of depression?

C) pessimism

Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors?

D) All of the above

Which of the following is not one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents?

D) Although not supported by research, all of the above are popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents

Which of the following is the best explanation of problem behavior during adolescence?

D) Problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong.

Which of the following statements about suicide is false?

D) Suicide is a much more common cause of death among adolescents than adults

Which type of intervention has been effective for adolescent-limited offenders?

D) a combination of all of the above

Denise Kandel is most likely to argue that

D) involvement in a given problem behavior may lead to involvement in other problem behaviors.

Which prevention program is most likely to be successful?

D) one that focuses on all of the above-mentioned components

Studies that have focused on the different developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and drug use have identified all except which of the following groups?

D) slow escalators

Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n):

D) status offender.

Studies of adolescent drug use suggest that:

D) the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol.

Depression is the most common internalizing disorder of adolescence and afflicts approximately:

A) 25% of individuals

Which adolescent does not have a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol problems?

A) Aaron, who is a slow learner

Approximately what percent of high school seniors have tried alcohol? What about marijuana?

A) Approximately 70% of adolescents have tried alcohol and approximately 46% of high school seniors have tried marijuana.

Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true?

A) The 70% increase in the price of cigarettes between 1997 and 2001 has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents.

Which drugs are the most commonly used and abused among adolescents?

A) alcohol and nicotine

Which list correctly ranks substances used by adolescents from most to least popular?

A) alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, inhalants

When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, it is referred to as

A) comorbidity

Theodore has been referred to as an "acting-out" adolescent. He engages in delinquent behavior. Theodore is most likely exhibiting:

A) externalizing symptomatology.

Alcohol and marijuana are considered ______ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs.

A) gateway

Young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely to experience all of the following, except:

A) increased popularity

Vince engaged in delinquency as an adolescent and has continued to be in trouble with the law ever since. Vince would be characterized as a _____ offender.

A) life-course-persistent

According to the textbook, which of the following is the main reason experts advise against applying the term "psychopath" to people under 18?

A) most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do no continue to do so after their mid-20s

Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of:

A) negative affectivity.

Bobbie Jo's employer has been sexually harassing her. Bobby Jo has decided to find a new job, which she will start next week, and she also has filed sexual harassment charges against her current employer. Bobbie Jo is using ______ strategies to deal with her stress.

A) primary control

The term "______ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment

A) problem behavior

Margaret has been able to withstand many stressors in her life without showing negative effects. It is likely that Margaret is:

A) resilient.

To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as ________ has been shown to be effective

A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Evaluations of drug prevention programs have found that:

A) these programs are largely ineffective.

Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false?

B) An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems

Glen and Laura ask a counselor what they can do to help protect their teenage son, Jason, from abusing drugs. What might the counselor suggest?

B) Get Jason involved at the church

Corrina is concerned because she learned that her 13-year-old son Henry has started smoking and that her 14-year-old son Hector has started drinking. Which boy is most likely to continue his habit into adulthood?

B) Henry

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to use drugs?

B) Li, an exchange student from China

Greg suffers from depression. His friend Matthew also suffers from depression as well as conduct disorder. Which boy probably had worse family experiences

B) Matthew

Both Yvette and Becky have parents who are currently getting divorced. Yvette also has to move into a different house. Which adolescent is at higher risk for developing psychological problems?

B) Yvette

Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"?

B) anxiety

According to recent research, what percent of adolescents have attempted suicide?

B) approximately 10% of females and 5% of males

Matthew and his friends smoke cigarettes and marijuana, and they often drink beer after school. Where are they most likely to engage in these activities?

B) at a friend's house

Which behavior would not be seen as a manifestation of lack of impulse control?

B) depression

The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as:

B) dopamine

Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest:

B) drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent

Confidential surveys of adolescents suggest all of the following, except:

B) ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater than what would be expected from information in official records.

Which of the following is not a diagnostic criteria for substance abuse?

B) experimentation with substances before the age of 13

Which of the following would be considered the least effective method for treating depression?

B) insight-oriented psychotherapy

Individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately _____ of violent crime in the United States

B) one-sixth

Which of the following methods has been found to be effective in reducing adolescent drug and alcohol use?

B) raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes

The main antecedents of chronic delinquency appear to be rooted in:

B) relations with parents during childhood

Approximately how many teenagers develop drinking problems or permit alcohol to adversely affect their schooling or personal relationships?

B) relatively few

When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescent-limited offenders, researchers agree that:

B) the causes and consequences of the two are very different.

Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called:

B) the diathesis-stress model.

Which of the following would be considered a status offense?

B) truancy

Which statement is most likely true about American adolescents today?

C) Adolescents are experimenting with drugs at earlier ages

Alice has a substance abuse problem. Which of the following problems is she also likely to have?

C) Both of the above

Carol has just learned that her son, Mike, has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. Carol told the police that Mike is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. How accurate is Carol's idea?

C) Carol is incorrect. Problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of going through the normative adolescent changes.

Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that Jim has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement?

C) It is almost accurate—about 43% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana.

Which of the following has not been supported by research addressing drug use by adolescents?

C) Marijuana is the drug most used by adolescents.

Since 1991, a survey assessing 8th graders', 10th graders', and high school seniors' use and abuse of a variety of drugs has been distributed to a nationwide sample every year. The name of this survey is:

C) Monitoring the Future.

Denise has just been caught vandalizing for the fourth time this year. What is probably true of her early home and school life?

C) She probably had problems at home and school at an early age

Which of the following is a likely reason that Black youngsters have a lower rate of drinking than their White counterparts?

C) Their parents are less likely to drink and tolerate drinking

What would a social control theorist say about an adolescent who engages in risk-taking behavior?

C) They have a weak attachment to society.

Of the following adolescents, who will be the most well-adjusted

C) Vicki, who uses drugs occasionally

Which of the following is considered to be the "drug of choice" by American adolescents?

C) alcohol

Dara suffers from depression. What type of disorder does depression reflect?

C) an internalizing disorder

As a child, Carlos had a hard time sitting still and was highly aggressive. As an adolescent, he is extremely impulsive and is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Carlos probably suffers from:

C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsiveness, inattentiveness, restlessness, and inappropriately high levels of activity is called:

C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Research shows that the enormous sums of money spent by tobacco companies on marketing cigarettes to teenagers are:

C) effective in persuading adolescents that smoking is a pleasurable activity

According to the textbook, all of the following are factors that affect an individual's vulnerability to the negative effects of stress, except:

C) emotional reactivity.

A look at the commission of violent crimes by adolescents in the United States shows all of the following, except:

C) from 1993 to the present, youth violence has increased dramatically.

Eduardo engages in binge drinking. This means that he:

C) has had more than five alcoholic drinks at least once during the past 2 weeks

Tina smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, and used drugs moderately in early adolescence, then quickly increased her use between early and middle adolescence, and continued to increase her use throughout high school. Tina is a:

C) high escalator.

Professor Farr is studying the individual characteristics of young children that may predict development of delinquency in adolescence. The best predictors of later delinquency that Professor Farr will find include all of the following, except:

C) high scores on standardized intelligence tests.

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called:

C) hostile attributional bias.

While Alan is waiting in line for tickets to the show, the man behind him bumps into him. Even though the man apologizes, Alan becomes extremely upset and pushes him back. Alan is probably suffering from:

C) hostile attributional bias.

Researchers believe that changes in rates of adolescent drug use:

C) may relate to their perceptions of how harmful the drug is.

One explanation for girls' greater susceptibility to internalizing problems such as depression emphasizes their greater orientation toward and sensitivity to interpersonal relationships. Specifically, gender differences in the level of the hormone ________ may play a role in making females both more invested in close relationships, and more vulnerable to adverse consequences of interpersonal problems

C) oxytocin

Psychologists make a distinction between the term ________, which indicates a physical addiction to a substance, and ________, which indicates that the use of a particular substance causes problems in an individual's life.

C) substance dependence; substance abuse

Which of the following is not a category of externalizing problems during adolescence?

C) substance use

Which of the following statement about comorbidity is not true?

C) there is hardly any comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories (i.e., internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse)

According to recent surveys, which drug is used most on a daily basis by high school students?

C) tobacco

Approximately how many of high school seniors have used steroids?

C) very few (about 2%)

Kristin has just been the victim of a mugging. Her parents are concerned about how she will react to the crime. What problem(s) is(are) Kristin likely to report?

D) All of the above

Research has identified all but which of the following as risk factors for suicide attempts during adolescence:

D) All of the above

Which of the following adolescent problems is likely to be resolved by adulthood?

D) All of the above

Alejandra, a Hispanic adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use?

D) Mina will use fewer drugs than Alejandra.

Who is the most likely to be a victim of a violent crime?

D) Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

______ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable; ______ strategies generally result in better adjustment, less depression, and fewer behavior problems.

D) Secondary; primary

According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by:

D) a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.

Some people who are delinquent as adolescents grow up to be law-abiding adults. What type of pattern is this?

D) adolescent limited offender

Researchers have found all of the following with regard to problem behavior in adolescence, except:

D) adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems

Which of the following is a stable trait over childhood?

D) all of the above are stable traits over childhood

Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems?

D) being involved in a sexual relationship

Which of the following is not one of the problems in diagnosing depression in adolescence?

D) depression is a complex disorder that requires blood tests to fully diagnose the disorder

Which is not considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence?

D) educational factors

Which type of treatment program has been most effective for serious chronic juvenile offenders?

D) evidence-based practices

Which factor is not focused on in the prevention of substance use and abuse among teenagers?

D) family characteristics

Antisocial behavior in adolescence can take all but which of the following forms?

D) implicit antisocial behavior

According to the textbook, young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely as adults to experience all of the following except:

D) increases in externalizing behaviors

Studies comparing the consequences of drug exposure during adolescence and adulthood have found all of the following except?

D) juveniles don't feel the positive effects of alcohol as profoundly as adults do

In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins:

D) the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

Alcohol and nicotine are the most common drugs used by adolescents in which category?

c) Both A and B