Chapter 13 Anatomy Book Questions

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99) Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order: 1) motor neuron activation, 2) sensory neuron activation, 3) sensory receptor activation, 4) Information processing, 5) effector response.

3, 2, 4, 1, 5

103) Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called A) contralateral.B) ipsilateral.C) monosynaptic. D) involuntary.E) polysynaptic.

A

104) In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron. A) monosynapticB) ipsilateralC) commensual D) contralateralE) polysynaptic

A

11) The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons.B) axons of sensory neurons.C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

A

2) In which horn are somatic motor nuclei located? (Figure 13-5) A) anterior hornB) posterior hornC) lateral horn D) dorsal hornE) central horn

A

22) Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the A) pia mater.B) dura mater.C) epidural space. D) subdural space.E) arachnoid mater.

A

25) The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the A) coccygeal ligament.B) conus medullaris.C) cauda equina. D) subarachnoid space.E) denticulate ligament.

A

27) The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed A) paraplegia.B) hemiplegia.C) spinal shock. D) quadriplegia.E) spinal transection.

A

29) Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?A) loss of sensation in his torsoB) inability to breathe C) problems with moving his arms D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet E) problems moving his legs

A

31) Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as A) tracts.B) ganglia.C) nuclei. D) horns.E) commissures.

A

4) Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise. A) cervical enlargementB) lumbar enlargementC) thoracic region D) conus medullarisE) sacral region

A

51) Loss of feeling in the thumb and first two fingers is most likely due to a damaged ________ nerve.A) radialB) musculocutaneous C) ulnarD) medianE) axillary

A

53) The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form theA) white rami communicantes. B) gray rami communicantes. C) posterior ramus.D) anterior ramus.E) dermatomes.

A

57) Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. A) cervicalB) thoracicC) lumbar D) sacralE) coccygeal

A

61) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the A) perineurium.B) epineurium.C) endoneurium. D) epimysium.E) endosteum.

A

64) A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will A) lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.B) interfere with position sense.C) mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. D) block autonomic regulation. E) affect visceral motor function.

A

68) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed theA) endoneurium.B) perineurium. C) epineurium.D) metaneurium.E) subneurium.

A

69) If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he A) might be unable to breathe on his own. B) could walk without difficulty.C) would have full range of motion in all extremities.D) would be in a coma.E) would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

A

86) You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit. A) parallel processing B) reverberatingC) serial processing D) convergent E) divergent

A

87) In ________, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons. A) divergenceB) reverberationC) serial processing D) parallel processingE) convergence

A

92) The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n) A) reflex arc.B) ramus.C) ganglion. D) tract.E) circuit.

A

10) The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons.B) axons of sensory neurons.C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

B

102) Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called A) contralateral.B) ipsilateral.C) monosynaptic. D) involuntary.E) polysynaptic.

B

18) Which of the following is not true regarding an epidural block?A) It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery.B) This procedure does not provide sustained anesthesia.C) It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. D) Intubation is not necessary because respiratory muscles are not paralyzed.E) It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection.

B

19) Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the A) filum terminale.B) subarachnoid space.C) dura mater. D) pia mater.E) arachnoid mater.

B

3) The axillary, radial, and ulnar nerves branch from which plexus? (Figure 13-9) A) cervicalB) brachialC) lumbar D) sacralE) thoracic

B

35) The large anterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) somatic sensory nuclei.B) somatic motor nuclei.C) visceral motor nuclei. D) visceral sensory nuclei.E) sympathetic nuclei.

B

38) The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord, seen easily in microscopic spinal cord cross sections, are calledA) wings.B) horns. C) pyramids.D) fibers.E) tracts.

B

46) Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the A) parasympathetic nerve.B) sympathetic nerve.C) anterior ramus. D) posterior ramus.E) rami communicantes.

B

47) Nerve plexuses are formed by interconnecting branches of the A) posterior rami.B) anterior rami.C) posterior root. D) anterior root.E) white rami communicans.

B

54) The postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs areA) white rami communicantes.B) gray rami communicantes. C) posterior ramus.D) anterior ramus.E) dermatomes.

B

56) Which of the following associations is incorrect? A) 8 cervical spinal nervesB) 11 thoracic spinal nervesC) 5 lumbar spinal nerves D) 5 sacral spinal nervesE) 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

B

58) The anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. A) cervicalB) brachialC) lumbar D) sacralE) thoracic

B

6) The conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal ligament via a strand of fibrous tissue called theA) denticulate ligament.B) filum terminale. C) spinal ligament.D) meningeal ligament.E) dura mater.

B

66) Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve. A) saphenousB) sciaticC) femoral D) obturatorE) genitofemoral

B

88) A motor neuron typically receives input from neurons that originate in various areas of the brain. This type of circuit is aA) divergent circuit.B) convergent circuit. C) serial processing circuit.D) parallel processing circuit.E) reverberating circuit.

B

91) Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. A) visceralB) innateC) acquired D) somaticE) intersegmental

B

96) The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. A) stretchB) tendonC) flexor D) crossed extensorE) reciprocal

B

1) The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. A) peripheralB) somaticC) central D) autonomicE) afferent

C

1) What is the area between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater? (Figure 13-3) A) dura materB) subdural spaceC) subarachnoid space D) denticulate spaceE) epidural space

C

101) The flexor reflexA) prevents a muscle from overstretching.B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.D) usually depends on cranial neurons.E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C

106) Which of the following is not a reason a reflex response may fail during a clinical exam? A) The person may consciously suppress the response.B) The nerves may be damaged.C) The person may be elderly and no longer have any reflexes. D) The CNS may be damaged.E) There may be nerve conduction problems.

C

12) The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A) arachnoid mater.B) pia mater.C) dura mater. D) coccygeal ligament.E) periosteum.

C

14) The subdural space lies betweenA) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.B) the pia mater and the dura mater.C) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. D) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space. E) the endosteum and the periosteum.

C

16) A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a A) cervical enlargement.B) lumbar enlargement.C) spinal nerve. D) denticulate ligament.E) spinal ganglion.

C

20) The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age A) 20 years.B) 10 years.C) 4 years. D) 6 months.E) 2 months.

C

21) The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the A) cranial meninges.B) cranial mater.C) spinal meninges. D) spinal mater.E) epidural membranes.

C

24) In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about A) T6.B) T10.C) L1. D) L5. E) C8.

C

30) Masses of gray matter within the central nervous system are A) ganglia.B) columns.C) nuclei. D) commissures.E) horns.

C

37) In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized asA) nuclei.B) ganglia. C) columns.D) nerves.E) horns.

C

48) Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed A) shingles.B) dermatome.C) peripheral neuropathy. D) hemisection.E) areflexia.

C

59) In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? A) cranialB) cervicalC) brachial D) lumbarE) sacral

C

60) In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.A) myasthenia gravis B) neuronal damageC) shinglesD) chickenpoxE) Hodgkin's disease

C

7) Spinal nerves areA) purely sensory.B) purely motor.C) both sensory and motor. D) interneuronal. E) involuntary.

C

70) Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?A) the anterior gray horns B) the anterior gray commissures C) ascending tractsD) descending tractsE) the anterior white commissures

C

84) A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a A) dermatome.B) ramus.C) plexus. D) ganglion.E) tract.

C

85) Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except A) convergent.B) divergent.C) multipolar. D) reverberating.E) parallel processing.

C

89) Which of the following is not a way that reflexes are classified? A) innate/acquiredB) somatic/visceralC) sympathetic/parasympathetic D) monosynaptic/polysynapticE) spinal/cranial

C

94) The most complicated spinal reflexes are called A) collateral reflex arcs.B) ipsilateral reflex arcs.C) intersegmental reflex arcs. D) dermatomes.E) spinal plexuses.

C

95) All of the following are true of muscle spindles except they A) are found within skeletal muscle.B) consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers.C) are found in tendons. D) are the receptor for the stretch reflex.E) are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

C

100) The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. A) stretchB) tendonC) flexor D) crossed extensorE) reciprocal

D

107) Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? A) normal in newbornsB) abnormal in adultsC) a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts D) clinicians test this when a peripheral nerve injury is suspected E) flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

D

15) The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the A) dura mater.B) subarachnoid space.C) arachnoid mater. D) pia mater.E) choroid plexus.

D

2) The adult spinal cord typically ends between vertebrae A) T12-L1.B) S4-S5.C) L5-S1. D) L1-L2.E) S5-Co1.

D

23) Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in theA) dura mater.B) arachnoid mater. C) epidural space.D) subarachnoid space.E) cerebral ventricles.

D

26) The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termedA) paraplegia.B) hemiplegia. C) spinal shock.D) quadriplegia.E) spinal transection.

D

28) During the procedure known as a(n) ________, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region.A) myelographyB) encephalomyelogram C) laminectomyD) lumbar punctureE) thoracic tap

D

33) The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly A) unmyelinated axons.B) neuroglia.C) Schwann cells. D) myelinated axons.E) nodes of Ranvier.

D

34) The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) nerve tracts.B) columns.C) meninges. D) neuron cell bodies.E) funiculi.

D

36) Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the A) central canal.B) posterior gray horns.C) gray commissures. D) white columns.E) anterior gray horns.

D

39) Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in theA) anterior gray horns.B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) white commissures.

D

4) What are the four ways reflexes can be classified? (Figure 13-15) A) monosynaptic, polysynaptic, monosegmental, polysegmentalB) flexor, extensor, crossed extensor, withdrawalC) somatic, muscle, visceral, autonomic D) development, response, complexity, processing site E) dorsal, ventral, lateral, central

D

49) Large bundles of axons from several spinal nerves in the brachial plexus are termed A) cords.B) rami.C) dermatomes. D) trunks.E) roots.

D

5) These structures extending from the pia mater through to the dura mater support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement.A) coccygeal ligamentB) rami communicantes C) cauda equinaD) denticulate ligamentsE) spinal ligaments

D

52) The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the A) endoneurium.B) endomysium.C) perineurium. D) epineurium.E) epimysium.

D

62) Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. A) shoulderB) intercostalC) abdominal D) legE) facial

D

63) The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.A) white rami communicantesB) gray rami communicantes C) posterior ramiD) anterior ramiE) dermatomes

D

67) The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. A) ansa cervicalisB) lesser occipitalC) thoracic D) phrenicE) supraclaviculars

D

8) The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ pairs of spinal nerves. A) fiveB) twelveC) twenty-five D) thirty-oneE) The number varies widely among individuals.

D

82) Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) ________ ramus.A) posteriorB) sympathetic C) lateralD) anteriorE) ascending

D

9) The posterior root ganglia mainly contain A) axons of motor neurons.B) axons of sensory neurons.C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) synapses.

D

90) All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they A) are automatic motor responses.B) are the simplest form of behavior.C) help preserve homeostasis. D) cannot be modified by the brain. E) involve at least two neurons.

D

97) Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A) a crossed extensor reflex.B) a stretch reflex.C) a tendon reflex. D) reciprocal inhibition.E) reverberating circuits.

D

98) Which of the following is not true of polysynaptic reflexes? A) They involve pools of interneurons.B) They are intersegmental in distribution.C) They involve reciprocal inhibition. D) They involve one muscle group. E) They have reverberating circuits.

D

105) A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.A) monosynapticB) ipsilateral C) contralateralD) involuntaryE) polysynaptic

E

13) If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed, A) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked.B) output to visceral organs would be blocked.C) efferent fibers would be blocked. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) sensory input would be blocked.

E

17) Which of the following is not true of meningitis? A) Inflammation of the meninges occurs.B) Bacteria can be the cause.C) Viruses can be the cause. D) CSF flow can be disrupted.E) It only affects spinal meninges.

E

3) Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer. A) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia materB) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid materC) arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater D) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater E) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

E

32) Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through the A) lateral white column.B) posterior gray horn.C) central canal. D) posterior median sulcus.E) anterior white commissure.

E

50) The largest peripheral nerve is the ________ nerve. A) medianB) femoralC) phrenic D) obturatorE) sciatic

E

55) Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are collectively calledA) posterior rami.B) anterior rami. C) white rami.D) gray rami.E) sympathetic nerves.

E

65) The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)A) dermatome.B) autonomic nerve. C) lateral nerve.D) tract.E) plexus.

E

71) The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the A) radial.B) median.C) ulnar. D) musculocutaneous.E) phrenic.

E

83) The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a A) root.B) ramus.C) trunk. D) ganglion.E) dermatome.

E

93) ________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles. A) InvoluntaryB) CranialC) Spinal D) AutonomicE) Somatic

E


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