Chapter 13 and 14
Amyloid plaques can develop in the brain
10 to 20 years before behavioral symptoms become noticeable
What percentage of wounded soldiers in the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars are estimated to have suffered a TBI?
12%-20%
In 2013, there were an estimated ________TBI-related hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and deaths
2,800,000
U.S. mortality records and recent autopsy studies have led to more conservative estimates of the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that the incidence is approximately ________%.
5%
What is the worldwide prevalence rate of Alzheimer's disease as provided by The World Health Organization?
5% of men and 6% of women
Which of the following is the one of the most significant factors in determining personality disorders?
A person has significant impairment in cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control
Gracia, after having suffered from cognitive deficits for a period of five years dies at the age of 75. When her brain is examined, it is discovered that her cerebral cortex had degenerated. It is likely that this woman suffered from
Alzheimer's disease
John is in his early 60s. He has difficulties in remembering basic information, such as his own address. He often fails to recognize people and cannot carry out simple motor activities. John initially experienced loss of memory a few years ago; over time these symptoms have increased. He does not experience any fluctuations in consciousness. John is unable to carry out day-to-day activities. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit John's condition?
Alzheimer's disease
________ is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive and gradual cognitive deficits due to severe cerebral atrophy.
Alzheimer's disease
Cindy had met with a motor accident two months back in which she suffered from a head injury. She was unable to recollect any of her personal information, such as her name, profession, and where she lived. She had no recollection of events that had occurred before the accident. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit her condition?
Amnesia
Which of the following is a symptom typically associated with major neurocognitive disorder?
Amnesia
Which part of the brain plays a role in aversive conditioning and is involved in processing emotion?
Amygdala
________ are a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in which clusters of dead or dying neurons become mixed together with fragments of protein molecules.
Amyloid plaques
________ is the condition in which the brain is deprived of oxygen leading to dementia.
Anoxia
Nicole, a junior high student, is always busy, plotting against Amanda, the most popular girl in class. Nicole is callous and hostile and constantly seeks attention to herself. Which of the following personality domains in the DSM-5 is Nicole depicting?
Antagonism
________ therapies for AIDS have primarily been responsible for lowering the chances of developing dementia in the late stages of the disease.
Antiretroviral
Which of the following is the subcortical structure that controls a person's motor movements and whose degeneration is primarily related to Parkinson's disease?
Basal ganglia
Which of the following statements is true about treating individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
Because they seem unable to experience empathy and do not learn from the negative consequences of their behaviors, they seem to be resistant to approaches using either insight or behavioral interventions.
How best can a cognitive-behavioral therapist treat a person with avoidant personality disorder?
By helping the client see the irrationality of fears of rejection
Which of the following statements about chronic traumatic encephalography (CTE) is not true?
CTE routinely causes the loss of language and math skills. Correct answers: CTE is a form of neurocognitive disorder that can lead to premature death. Football players are particularly likely to experience deficits in executive functioning associated with damage to their frontal lobes. The effects of CTE appear to be attributable to tau proteins
Which of the following is one of the primary causes of anoxia?
Carbon monoxide poisoning Complications with anesthesia during surgery
Which of the following is primarily affected by Alzheimer's disease?
Cerebral cortex
Which of the following is primarily affected by Pick's disease?
Cerebral cortex
Which of the following statements about neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is true?
Children ages 0-4, young adults aged 15-24, and adults over 75 years of age have the greatest risk of TBI
How might a clinician differentiate between the cognitive impairment seen in Alzheimer's clients and the deficits seen in clients suffering from vascular neurocognitive disorder?
Cilents with Alzheimer's follow a gradual pattern of cognitive deterioration while clients with vascular neurocognitive disorder show a stepwise deterioration in cognitive functioning
Which of the following indicates that individuals do not learn from their negative experiences?
Deficit of classical conditioning passive avoidance
_______ is a neurocognitive disorder that is temporary in nature and involves disturbances in attention and awareness.
Delirium
________ personality disorder is characterized by an extreme neediness for other people, to the point that the person is unable to make any decisions or take any independent action.
Dependent
Devlin is reclusive and does not derive pleasure from any kind of social activity. She rarely attends any social gathering and keeps to herself. Which of the following personality domains in the DSM-5 is Devlin depicting?
Detachment
Which of the following term involves engaging in behaviors with high impulsivity, irresponsibility, and risk-taking?
Disinhibition
Andrew's inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing distress has led to several problems for him at work. His lack of awareness, understanding, or acceptance of emotions has led to people disliking him. Which of the following term explains Andrew's inability to regulate emotions?
Emotional dysregulation
Individuals least at risk of developing postconcussion syndrome are those who had an anxiety or depressive disorder prior to their injury.
FALSE
Individuals with schizoid personality disorder secretly desire intimate relationships with others.
FALSE
People high in psychopathy also have difficulty processing positive emotional stimuli.
FALSE
People who are higher on grandiose narcissism find it easy to brush off negative comments from others, especially others whom they see as being "beneath" them.
FALSE
People with Pick's disease have memory problems before undergoing personality alterations.
FALSE
The cognitive losses that are associated with physical disorders and toxic reactions is irreversible.
FALSE
The term borderline, as it applies to borderline personality disorder, has origins in the notion that the individual is functioning on the border of avoidant and psychotic forms of psychopathology.
FALSE
People with schizoid personality disorder appear particularly distressed and a risk to others.
False
Which of the following is not a cause of neurocognitive disorder?
Genetic disposition
Which of the following indicates core personality traits for antisocial disorder in Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)?
Glibness and superficial charm
Which of the following is a medication commonly used for the treatment of delirium?
Haloperidol
The diagnosis of antisocial behavior used today had its origins in the work of
Hervey Cleckley
________ is a genetic, degenerative neurological disorder that can affect personality and cognitive functioning. This disease is caused by an abnormality on chromosome 4.
Huntington's disease
Which of the following statements about the treatment of cognitive losses associated with physical disorders and toxic reactions is true?
If the client receives prompt care, the cognitive losses may be reversed
Which of the following statements about dependent personality disorder is true?
In high levels, the personality quality agreeableness can become a tendency to be overly docile, self-sacrificing, and clinging.
In the context of TBI, which of the following is true?
In older adults, falls are the most common cause of TBIs
Which of the following is true about categorical diagnostic system?
In the process of revising the DSM-IV-TR, the personality disorders panels developed a number of alternative models to get away from the categorical diagnostic system.
Which of the following statements describes the major difference between Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease?
Individuals with Pick's disease undergo personality changes before they begin to have memory problems while individuals with Alzheimer's experience memory problems first
Which of the following is not a component of emotional dysregulation?
Interpersonal instability and impaired relationships
What is meant by deficit of classical conditioning passive avoidance?
It means that an individual fails to learn from previous negative experiences.
_________ refer to tiny, spherical structures consisting of protein deposits in dying nerve cells found in damaged regions deep within the brains of people with Parkinson's disease.
Lewy bodies
Which of the following is one of the symptom of Parkinson's disease?
Loss of motor coordination
Pierce recently suffered from a head trauma, as a result of which he is unable to retain new information. He cannot remember his personal details, such as his name, address, and educational details. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit his condition?
Major neurocognitive disorder due to a general medical condition
Which of the following statement is true regarding theories of antisocial personality disorder?
Malnutrition in early life may serve as another risk factor for the development of antisocial personality disorder
Bernard was a very aggressive and impulsive teenager. He was always involved in neighborhood brawl As he aged, his antisocial behavior declined and he was more patient with people around him. Which of the following explains this behavior?
Maturation hypothesis
Which of the following terms suggest that older individuals are better able to manage their high-risk tendencies?
Maturation hypothesis
In which of the following therapies do clinicians help their clients take a step back and learn to identify their problematic ruminative thinking patterns in the context of a building a supportive therapeutic alliance?
Metacognitive interpersonal
________ is a condition that involves a modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance.
Mild neurocognitive disorder
Which of the following is a form of vascular neurocognitive disorder caused by transient attacks in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted by a clogged or burst artery?
Multi-infarct dementia
Which personality disorder is characterized by an unrealistic, inflated sense of self-importance and an sensitivity toward the needs of other people?
Narcissistic personality disorder
Jason, a final year graduate student from Cornell University, is always suspicious about his girlfriend Joule. He is always anxious and believes that separation after college will spoil their relationship forever. He is always depressed and hostile. Which of the following personality domains in the DSM-5 is Jason depicting?
Negative affectivity
Which of the following is true about antisocial personality disorder?
Not all individuals with antisocial personality disorder engage in explicitly criminal behavior, but instead their disorder may manifest itself in behaviors such as job problems, promiscuity, and aggressiveness
Which of the following is not a trait that is associated with people suffering from borderline personality disorder?
Obsessive thinking
Intense perfectionism and inflexibility manifested in worrying, indecisiveness, and behavioral rigidity is referred to as ________ personality disorder.
Obsessive-compulsive
Which personality disorder is characterized by an undue preoccupation with neatness and routine?
Obsessive-compulsive
________ personality disorder is characterized by extreme suspicion and always being on guard against danger.
Paranoid
_________ disease primarily involves neuronal degeneration of the basal ganglia, the subcortical structures that control motor movements.
Parkinson's
Which of the following is the disease that involves the neuronal degeneration of the basal ganglia, the subcortical structures that control motor movements?
Parkinson's disease
________ is a disease that can cause neurocognitive disorder and that involves the degeneration of neurons in the subcortical structures that control motor movements
Parkinson's disease
Which of the following statements is true about delirium?
People diagnosed with delirium temporarily experience disturbances in their attention and awareness
Which of the following is true about Pick's disease?
People with Pick's disease appear apathetic and unmotivated
Which of the following is a symptom typically associated with Pick's disease?
People with Pick's disease become socially disinhibited.
Michelle, a 70-year-old woman, was a very composed and gentle person. For the past eight months, she has been behaving in a very impulsive and violent manner. She has been experiencing memory problems, too. She also exhibits other symptoms of neurocognitive disorder. Michelle is most likely suffering from
Pick's disease
Which of the following is a condition that people undergoing mild TBI are most likely to experience?
Postconcussion syndrome
Anaida suddenly starts dressing and behaving like the cannibalistic witch from the fairy tale "Hansel and Gretel." Her thought content is viewed by others as bizarre and idiosyncratic. Which of the following personality domains in the DSM-5 is Anaida depicting?
Psychoticism
Lamont is an interstate truck driver. Many people consider him a loner. Lamont is indifferent to the idea of marriage, shows no emotions, and does not seem to desire social contact. If we assume Lamont's problem is long-standing, which of the following diagnoses would be most appropriate?
Schizoid personality disorder
Which personality disorder is primarily characterized by an indifference to social relationships as well as a very limited range of emotions?
Schizoid personality disorder
Which personality disorder involves peculiarities in thought, behavior, appearance, and style of relating to others?
Schizotypal personality disorder
________ are enzymes that trim part of the APP remaining outside the neuron so that it is flush with the neuron's outer membrane
Secretases
"________" is the term used by Cleckley to refer to a psychopath's inability to react appropriately to expressions of emotionality.
Semantic dementia
Which of the following is a symptom of borderline personality disorder?
Splitting
Of the following, which is most likely to be a cause of delirium?
Substance intoxication
A certain amount of paranoid thinking and behavior might be appropriate in some situations, such as in dangerous political climates
TRUE
A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can only be made after an autopsy is performed.
TRUE
A distinguishing feature of personality disorders is the fact that the behavior patterns are apparent even in adolescence or young adulthood.
TRUE
Another evidence-based treatment for BPD, transference-focused psychotherapy, uses the client-clinician relationships as the framework for helping clients achieve greater understanding of their unconscious feelings and motives.
TRUE
Behavioral strategies can reduce the frequency of aggression in an Alzheimer's patient.
TRUE
Cognitive changes do not occur in all people with Parkinson's disease.
TRUE
Early childhood experiences play an important role in the development of borderline personality disorder.
TRUE
Huntington's disease affects personality and cognitive functioning.
TRUE
In the process of revising the DSM-IV-TR, the personality disorders panels developed a number of alternative models to get away from the categorical diagnostic system.
TRUE
Neuropsychological testing helps clinicians identify specific patterns of responses that fit known disease profiles.
TRUE
Reducing the risk of hypertension and diabetes is one important way to lower the chances of developing cognitive disorders in later life.
TRUE
The biopsychosocial perspective has yet to develop a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
TRUE
Treatment for people with schizotypal personality disorder parallels the interventions that clinicians commonly use in treating schizophrenia.
TRUE
Which of the following statement about antisocial personality disorder is correct?
The components of psychopathy involving impulsivity, social deviance, and antisocial behavior are less prominent in prison inmates who are in their mid-40s and older.
Which of the following statements about the biology of Alzheimer's disease is not true?
The cut-off fragments of alpha-amyloid join with fragments of beta-amyloid to form plaque that can only be removed with medication.
Which of the following statements about neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies is not true?
The disorder gets in name from the woman who first identified it, Adela Lewy
Which of the following facets of an individual's history would a psychodynamically-oriented therapist consider most important if the individual was diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder?
The early failure of the individual to receive adequate parental support.
Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true?
The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease become progressively worse over time
Gillian has been diagnosed as having borderline personality disorder. When her therapist arrived late for an appointment, she flew into a rage at the office, claiming that he must hate her and that she wants to stop seeing him. What might be the best strategy to deal with this situation?
The therapist should explain to her in a gentle but firm manner that his tardiness is not due to anything about her.
Which of the following is true about vascular neurocognitive disorder?
There is no treatment to reverse the cognitive losses in vascular neurocognitive disorder
The prevalence rates for Alzheimer's disease are actually much lower than previously reported.
True
Which of the following is true about delirium?
Vitamin deficiency can cause delirium
Which of the following statements in not true about the alternative personality disorder diagnostic system in section 3 of the DSM-5?
We now have hard evidence showing that the categorical approach to diagnosing personality disorders more accurately reflects clinical conditions than the dimensional system. Correct answers: -The alternative diagnostic system was included in the DSM-5 in response to the criticism that the 10 diagnoses there require too many fine distinctions to be made about behaviors and qualities that, in reality, occur as a continuum. -In using the existing DSM-5 diagnosis system, clinicians found that they were using the category "personality disorder not otherwise specified." -In response to the criticisms and questions raised by the existing diagnostic system, DSM-5 authors decided to include the dimensional ratings of pathological personality traits on a trial basis.
Alzheimer's disease is best defined as
a cause of neurocognitive disorder, characterized by progressive and gradual cognitive deficits due to severe cerebral atrophy
Mild neurocognitive disorder is best defined as
a condition in which there is a modest decline in cognitive functioning from previous levels.
Akinesia
a difficulty imitating movement because of the rigidity of the muscles
Dementia
a form of cognitive impairment involving generalized progressive deficits in a person's memory
Multi-infarct dementia is best defined as
a form of neurocognitive disorder caused by transient attacks in which blood flow to the brain is interrupted by a clogged or burst artery
Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
a form of neurocognitive disorder characterized by apathy, lack of inhibition, obsessiveness, and loss of judgment
Bradykinesia
a general slowing of motor activity
Parkinson's disease is best defined as
a neurocognitive disorder that involves the degeneration of neurons in the subcortical structures that control motor movements
According to psychoanalytic theories, the narcissist's inflated self-image is a result of
a paradoxical attempt to overcome insecurity
Tau
a protein that normally helps maintain the internal support structure of the axons
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
a rare neurological disease thought to be caused by an infectious agent that results in abnormal protein accumulations in the brain
Pick's disease is best defined as
a relatively rare degenerative disease that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex and that can cause neurocognitive disorder.
Pick's disease
a relatively rare progressive degenerative disease that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral
Delirium is best defined as
a temporary condition where individuals experience disturbances in their attention and awareness
Delirium
a temporary state in which individuals disturbances in their attention and awareness; they are unaware of what is happening around them and are unable to focus or pay attention
Lewy bodies are abnormal deposits of a protein called
alpha-synuclein
The cognitive disorder symptom involving the inability to recall previously learned information or to register new memories is referred to as
amnesia
Trauma to the head that results in an alteration or loss of consciousness, or post-traumatic _____ is called traumatic brain injury
amnesia
Which of the following is a core symptom of delirium?
an acute state of confusion
Which of the following is a factor for the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) developed by Robert D. Hare?
an antisocial lifestyle
Parasuicide
an attempt to gain attention from family, friends, or professionals
Personality trait
an enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and others
Dependent personality disorder
an excessive reliance on others
Anxiousness, submissiveness, and ________ are the pathological traits associated with dependent personality disorder
an insecure attachment style
From a psychodynamic standpoint, Freud believed that people with an obsessive-compulsive style have not progressed from, or are constantly returning to, the ________ stage of psychosexual development.
anal
Psychopathy
another expression for antisocial personality disorder
A lack of regard for society's moral and legal standards characterizes _______ personality disorder.
antisocial
According to the maturation hypothesis, in ________ personality disorder aging is likely to bring about a reduction in troublesome behavior patterns.
antisocial
Closely related to the biological perspective is the hypothesis that neuropsychological deficits in learning and attention have been thought to contribute to ________ personality disorder.
antisocial
Hervey Cleckley's notion of psychopathy remains a key concept in descriptions of ________ personality disorder.
antisocial
The DSM-5 defines people who receive the diagnosis of ________ personality disorder as highly impulsive and lacking in the capacity for regret over their actions.
antisocial
The term "psychopath" has been considered synonymous with ________ personality disorder for quite some time.
antisocial
Vic has demonstrated a long-standing pattern of disreputable and manipulative behaviors. He has a drug abuse problem and has a long criminal record for a variety of crimes. What is worse, he shows no remorse for some of the harsh things he has done. Vic would most likely be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
antisocial
Which personality disorder is characterized by a lack of regard for society's moral and legal standards?
antisocial
Stealing, lying, and cheating are examples of
antisocial behaviors
Uriah is 50 years old and has been in prison for 20 years for a variety of crimes linked to his antisocial personality. Which of the following statements would he most want to have presented at his parole hearing?
antisocial personality traits tend to decrease in midlife
Which of the following lifestyle traits revolves around impulsivity, juvenile delinquency, early behavioral problems, lack of realistic long-term goals, and a need for constant stimulation?
antisocial trait
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex
areas of the brain involved in emotional processing and regulation
Personality disorders usually become evident
as early as adolescence
Individuals with ________ personality disorder stay home for a significant portion of the time due to excessive fears of embarrassment or rejection by others.
avoidant
People with _______ personality disorder define themselves as lacking in social skills and having no desirable qualities that would make others want to be with them.
avoidant
The personality disorder in which the individual is fearful of any involvement with other people and terrified at the prospect of being publicly embarrassed is referred to as ________ personality disorder.
avoidant
People with paranoid personality disorder tend to
be highly suspicious of others
Cluster B disorders
behaviors that are dramatic, emotional, and erratic
The phenomenon of the "psychopath in the ________" describes corporate executives who ruthlessly exploit investors and employees alike, seeking their own gain at the expense of the bank accounts and livelihood of their victims.
boardroom
A disturbed childhood family environment that involves abuse or neglect may contribute to the development of ________ personality disorder.
borderline
Campbell has been diagnosed with a personality disorder and his clinician suggests a transference-focused psychotherapy that uses the client-clinician relationships as the framework for helping clients achieve greater understanding of their unconscious feelings and motives. Using a process called core mindfulness, his clinician teaches Campbell to balance his emotions, reason, and intuition as he approach life's problems. It is most likely that Campbell would be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
borderline
Lori becomes angry and hostile when her boyfriend chooses to spend a night out with his friends. She views him as "bad" and tries to manipulate him in order to make him stay home. Occasionally, when this occurs he threatens to break off the relationship, but Lori will do almost anything to keep him. She has on occasion threatened to commit suicide. Lori's behavior pattern is characteristic of ________ personality disorder.
borderline
The formation of intense and demanding relationships with others is characteristic of ________ personality disorder.
borderline
The tendency to behave impulsively in areas such as sexuality, spending, or reckless driving is characteristic of ________ personality disorder.
borderline
Which personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of poor impulse control as well as instability of moods, interpersonal relationships, and self-image?
borderline personality disorder
_________ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of poor impulse control, fluctuating self-image, and unstable mood and interpersonal relationships.
borderline personality disorder
Hervey Cleckley
categorized the behavior of the psychopathic personality
Which of the following is the most common cause of substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder?
chronic alcohol use
Repeated injuries over time, such as those experienced by college and professional football players, specifically may lead to ________, which causes a form of neurocognitive disorder and can lead to premature death.
chronic traumatic encephalography (CTE)
Dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs, rooted in childhood experiences of extreme criticism by parents, are central to the ________ approach to avoidant personality disorder.
cognitive-behavioral
The notion that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder operate according to unrealistic concerns with perfection and avoidance of mistakes is based on the ________ theory.
cognitive-behavioral
The view that narcissists hold maladaptive ideas about themselves is central to the ________ perspective.
cognitive-behavioral
In a recent study, poor nutrition at age 3 was associated with a higher likelihood of ________ disorder at age 17.
conduct
The media in the United States tend to ________ the prevalence rate of Alzheimer's disease.
confuse the prevalence rate of dementia with
Neurofibrillary tangles
consists of a protein call tau
Of the following, substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder is most likely to be caused by
continuous exposure to environmental toxins
Using a process called ________, DBT clinicians teach their clients to balance their emotions, reason, and intuition as they approach life's problems.
core mindfulness
Alzheimer's disease is primarily characterized by
degeneration in the tissues of the cerebral cortex
A temporary condition in which individuals experience a disturbance in attention and awareness, is referred to as
delirium
While Rupert was playing baseball at school, one of his team mates accidently hit him with his baseball bat. Immediately after that incident, he was unable to focus on the game. He seemed to be cut off from reality. Based on this information we can say that Rupert was experiencing an episode of
delirium
An extreme reliance on others, accompanied by a strong fear of abandonment, is characteristic of _____ personality disorder.
dependent
Reggie has had some significant challenges. Even though he is 28 years old, he lets his mother make all of the decisions in his life such as where he works, who he sees, what he wears, and where he goes. Reggie does not seem to mind; as a matter of fact he often says, "Momma knows best." Reggie would most likely be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
dependent
Dr. Laskey is currently treating a client with borderline personality disorder. She is attempting to reframe her client's dysfunctional impulsive behaviors in order to identify their origins. She is also helping the client find new ways to analyze problems and to develop healthier solutions. Dr. Laskey is using a therapy known as
dialectical behavior therapy
Treatment approach for people with borderline personality disorder that integrates supportive and cognitive-behavioral treatments to reduce the frequency of self-destructive acts and to improve the client's ability to handle disturbing emotions, such as anger and dependency is known as
dialectical behavior therapy
The term "borderline personality" was originally coined to describe patients who
did not fit into either the neurotic or psychotic category.
Compulsivity is the opposite pole of the ________ domain.
disinhibition
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
disorders characterized by extremely perfectionist behavior
Lack of awareness, understanding, or acceptance of emotions, and an inability to control the intensity or duration of emotions, are characteristics of emotional __________
dysregulation
Psychoanalytic theorists might view narcissistic personality disorder as the result of an individual's failure to progress beyond
early stages of psychosexual development
The emotional disturbances seen in people with borderline personality disorder are characterized by
emotional dysregulation
The psychodynamic approach to avoidant personality disorder
emphasizes on the individual's fear of attachment in relationships
Talia has never had any previous problems with the law but at the age of 27, she started engaging in constant stealing and cheating people out of their money. Talia would most likely be diagnosed as
engaging in antisocial behavior
Narcissistic personality disorder
exaggerated sense of self-importance
Histrionic personality disorder
excessive emotions and attention-seeking
Avoidant personality disorder
excessive shyness and fear in social situations
Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by
extreme sensitivity toward rejection and ridicule
People who are severely undernourished are prone to develop a deficiency of ________, a critical nutrient, which can lead to progressive cerebral atrophy.
folate
Cognitive-behavioral therapists may use ________ to present the client with social situations that are increasingly more difficult for them to confront.
graduated exposure
At her going-away party, Elaina sobbed uncontrollably and became overwhelmed with emotion at the thought of leaving even though everyone knew that she was secretly glad to be moving out of town and away from everyone there. Her co-workers often recall dramatic shouting matches with others over small details and overbearing attempts to seduce all of the men in the office. Elaina's attempts to get attention might be indicative of ________ personality disorder.
histrionic
Engaging in behaviors designed to draw attention to one's self is often characteristic of ________ personality disorder.
histrionic
The personality disorder in which the primary symptom is constant efforts by the individual to attract attention with exaggerated displays of emotion is called ________ personality disorder.
histrionic
The symptoms of antisocial personality disorder include
impulsive and aggressive behavior
Risky activities like speeding and bungee-jumping that may be undertaken by psychopaths may be a manifestation of their
impulsivity
Semantic dementia
inability to react appropriately to expressions of emotionality
According to the response modulation hypothesis,
individuals high on the trait of psychopathy are unable to pay enough attention to secondary cues to switch their attention when necessary.
In the context of substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder, which of the following is true?
industrial solvents can cause this disorder
Cluster C
involves anxious or fearful behavior
Multi-infarct dementia differs from Alzheimer's disease in that multi-infarct dementia
is caused by transient attacks where blood flow to the brain is interrupted by a clogged or burst artery
Which of the following is true of postconcussion syndrome?
its symptoms can persist from weeks to years
Which of the following is a definitive characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
lack of concern for the pain caused to others
Delirium is characterized by an acute state of confusion or impairment of cognitive processing that affects memory, orientation, executive functioning, ability to use language, visual perception, and
learning
Pseudodementia
loss of memory due to depression
Statistics show that impulsivity, acting out, and other extreme behaviors of people with antisocial personality disorder decrease as these individuals age. This finding supports what is known as the
maturation hypothesis.
Delirium is most common among
medically or psychiatrically hospitalized older adults
Janice is suffering from a cardiovascular disease. She experiences brief attacks during which blocks in her arteries reduce the supply of blood to her brain. As a result of this, she has also been exhibiting symptoms of neurocognitive disorder, including a disturbance in executive functioning Janice is most likely to be suffering from
multi-infarct dementia
The type of dementia that results from a vascular disease that affects the supply of blood to the brain is called ________
multi-infarct dementia (MID)
Calum often boasts about how talented a teacher he is and he continually notes that the reason he never gets promoted is because no one fully appreciates him. He resents other teachers who have been promoted before him and claims that they are self-promoting. He demands that other people fulfill his wishes but is insensitive when it comes to other people's feelings. Calum would most likely be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
narcissistic
A disorder whose primary clinical deficit is in cognition that represents a decline from previous functioning is called
neurocognitive disorder
The ________ specifically describe decline acquired in one or more domains of cognition and associated with alterations in the brain.
neurocognitive disorder
Parkinson's disease
neuronal degeneration of the basal ganglia
Multi-infarct dementia leads to the death of
neurons
In the past, the term borderline was used to describe patients who were functioning on the "border" of ________ and ________.
neurosis; psychosis
At present, ________ has been shown to be effective in reducing the core features of antisocial personality disorder.
no one accepted method of treatment
Felix has been a worrier all of his life. When he was a child, he believed and followed the expression "step on a crack, break your mother's back." He is now a perfectionist and runs his daily routine based on an inflexible schedule. His environment is arranged very predictably; for example, all of his shirts must be neatly pressed and hung exactly four inches apart in his closet. His pursuit of perfection has become self-defeating rather than constructive. Felix would be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
Neurocognitive disorder resulting from anoxia is mainly caused due to
oxygen deprivation to the brain
A client who is always on guard against potential danger or harm might be diagnosed as having a(n) ________ personality disorder.
paranoid
When asked why she tried to kill herself, Calista responded, "These past few days I haven't really been sure about myself. I wasn't really sure I was alive. It was a test." Calista's intent would be best described as
parasuicidal
An attempt to take one's life that is often a call for attention is called
parasuicide
Schizotypal personality disorder
peculiar, eccentric, and odd ways of thinking and behaving
A ________ involves a long-lasting maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior dating back to adolescence or young adulthood.
personality disorder
Ingrained patterns of relating to other people, situations, and events with a rigid and maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior, dating back to adolescence or early adulthood are characteristics of
personality disorders
In psychology, an enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and others is referred to as a(n)
personality trait
Following a mild traumatic brain injury, some people experience ________, which is a constellation of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that last from weeks to years.
postconcussion syndrome
Gerard had met with an accident in which he had injured his head. Just prior to the accident, Gerard had an episode of anxiety disorder. Following the accident, he suffered acute post-traumatic stress for five days. Gerard is most likely to develop
postconcussion syndrome
Individuals with paranoid personality disorder
project their own mistakes and problems to other people
The following cluster of traits that includes lack of remorse or shame for harmful acts committed to others; lack of emotional responsiveness to others; impulsivity; absence of "nervousness"; and unreliability, untruthfulness, and insincerity, indicates
psychopathy
According to ________ hypothesis, people have a dominant and nondominant focus of their attention in any given situation.
response modulation
The ________ hypothesis attempts to explain the failure of individuals high in psychopathy to learn from negative experience and to process emotional information.
response modulation
The notion that psychopathic individuals are unable to process any information that is not relevant to their primary goals is central to the ________ hypothesis.
response modulation
Schizoid personality disorder
restricted emotions and indifference to social relationships
Individuals with paranoid personality disorder rarely seek help, and when they do seek treatment, communication is difficult because of their
rigidity and defensiveness
The term "obsessive-compulsive" as it applies to individuals who suffer from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder refers to the
rigidly compulsive personality tendency they have.
An indifference to social and sexual relationships characterizes _____ personality disorder, as well as a very limited range of emotional experience and expression.
schizoid
Livia's hair is usually unkempt and she wears clothes that date back to the 1960s. Her ways of thinking and dealing with other people are rather eccentric—she has the idea that she can communicate telepathically with her brother who lives on the west coast. Livia will most likely be diagnosed as having ________ personality disorder.
schizotypal
The social isolation, eccentricity, peculiar communication, and poor social adaptation that come with ________ personality disorder place it within the schizophrenic spectrum.
schizotypal
With the publication of the DSM-5, clinicians may use a dimensional rating system rather than the existing categorical system for diagnosing the ________ most readily differentiated personality disorders.
six
Avoidant personality disorder could be characterized as a more severe form of
social anxiety disorder
The tendency for an individual to perceive people, others or one's self, as either all good or all bad is referred to as
splitting
Studies on family inheritance of antisocial personality disorder have demonstrated
strong evidence in favor of genetic explanations of antisocial personality disorder
Carmine has worked at a pesticide manufacturing company for years and recently she has become increasingly forgetful. If her memory loss persists, Carmine is most likely to be diagnosed with
substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder
Supportive therapeutic approaches to the treatment of borderline personality disorder emphasize
that the therapist take a primary role in treatment and involve the client in the therapeutic process
Maturation hypothesis
the ability to better manage symptoms as one ages
Amnesia is best defined as
the inability to recall previously learned information or to register new memories
Dialectic behavioral
therapy integration of supportive and cognitive behavioral treatments to improve the client's ability to handle disturbing emotions
Which of the following indicates a major flaw in the categorical rating system for personality disorder?
there are too many fine distinctions that the diagnoses require
The main goal of therapists working in the cognitive-behavioral framework is
to break the client's negative cycle of avoidance
Borderline personality disorder
unstable moods, relationships, and self-image
Psychodynamic therapies for narcissistic personality disorder include
using empathy to support the client's search for recognition and admiration
Stephen has recently had a stroke, interrupting the supply of oxygenated blood to his brain. He has been suffering from hypertension for the past few years. Since he has had the stroke, Stephen has found it difficult to understand what people are saying. He is unable to recall simple words, and is finding it difficult to communicate. He is unable to complete routine tasks by himself, such as getting dressed or making a toast. Stephen is most likely to be suffering from
vascular neurocognitive disorder
Splitting
viewing other as being all good or all bad
Which of the following is one of the symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder?
weakness in the arms and legs