CHAPTER 13 COGNITVE

4. Consider the following syllogism:If p then q.pqThis syllogism is a(n) ____ syllogism. A. abstract conditional B. concrete conditional C. abstract categorical D. concrete categorical

A. abstract conditional

3. An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning. A. deductive B. intuitive C. falsification D. inductive

A. deductive

12. If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella. It is not raining. Therefore, I didn't take my umbrella.This syllogism is an example of A. denying the antecedent. B. denying the consequent. C. affirming the antecedent. D. affirming the consequent

A. denying the antecedent.

27. Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning. A. familiarity B. a premise C. validity D. using a heuristic

A. familiarity

19. One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they A. ignore the falsification principle. B. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. C. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. D. incorrectly apply the permission schema.

A. ignore the falsification principle.

21. When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), A. performance is better for the concrete task. B. performance is better for the abstract task. C. performance is the same for both tasks.D. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

A. performance is better for the concrete task

22. The permission schema is an example of a(n) A. pragmatic reasoning schema. B. subjective utility. C. opt-in procedure. D. illusory correlation

A. pragmatic reasoning schema

17. Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should A. search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not. B. search her memory for instances when she did not get her exam back first. C. search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first. D. wait until the next exam is passed back to see if she gets hers back first.

A. search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not.

9. A syllogism is valid if A. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. B. the two premises and the conclusion are true. C. there is evidence to support the two premises. D. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.

A. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

6. Consider the following syllogism:All cats are birds.All birds have wings.All cats have wings.This syllogism is A. valid. B. invalid. C. true. D. both valid and true.

A. valid

8. Consider the following syllogism:Premise 1: All dogs are cats.Premise 2: All cats say "meow."Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow."Which statement below describes this syllogism? A. Both premises are valid B. The conclusion is valid C. The conclusion is not valid D. The conclusion is true

B. The conclusion is valid

1. If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning. A. inductive B. deductive C. conjunctive D. descriptive

B. deductive

24. The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. A. conjunction rule B. permission schema C. atmosphere effect D. availability heuristic

B. permission schema

20. The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing A. 8 and M. B. A and M. C. A and 13. D. 8 and 13

C. A and 13

11. For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity? A. Denying the antecedent B. Denying the consequent C. Affirming the antecedent D. Affirming the consequent

C. Affirming the antecedent

25. Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem? A. Permission schemas B. Falsification principle C. Social-exchange theory D. Availability heuristic

C. Social-exchange theory

13. Consider the following conditional syllogism:Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade.Premise 2: I didn't study.Conclusion: Therefore, I didn't get a good grade.This syllogism is an example of A. affirming the antecedent. B. denying the consequent. C. denying the antecedent. D. affirming the consequent

C. denying the antecedent.

2. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. A. deductive B. syllogistic C. inductive D. connective

C. inductive

7. The validity of a syllogism depends on A. the truth of its premises. B. the truth of its conclusion. C. its form. D. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion.

C. its form.

30. At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because A. the participants were only asked one question for this poll. B. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. C. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. D. everyone in America was not asked their opinion.

C. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population

18. According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is A. a mental model. B. a categorical syllogism. C. the law of large numbers. D. the falsification principle

D. the falsification principle.

23. Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? A. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. B. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. C. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today. D. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night

D. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night

26. The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's A. innate language abilities. B. ability to work well with a group of others. C. innate reasoning abilities. D. ability to detect cheaters

D. ability to detect cheaters

5. Consider the following syllogism:If it's a robin then it is a bird.It is a bird.Therefore, it is a robin.In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a ____ of a ____ syllogism. A. premise; categorical B. conclusion; categorical C. premise; conditional D. conclusion; conditional

D. conclusion; conditional

10. Consider the following syllogism:All of the students are tired.Some tired people are irritable.Some of the students are irritable.It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as A. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect. B. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema. C. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent. D. valid because this conclusion is believable.

D. valid because this conclusion is believable.