Chapter 13 European History
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
Who/What: Charles V was only 19 when he came into power and was Catholic. The course of the Reformation was shaped by this election and the political relationships surrounding it. When: 1519 Where: Holy Roman Empire Why Important: Charles V was a vigorous defender of the Catholic religion and this led to religious wars.
Elizabeth I of England
Who/What: Elizabeth I reign inaugurated the beginnings of religious stability. When: 1558 Where: England Why Important: She chose the middle course between Catholic and Puritan extremes. She required her subjects to attend all services in the Church of England but did not get into people's personal lives. She helped bring religious peace.
Henry VIII of England
Who/What: Henry VIII desired a new wife for the one he had did not bare him a son. He asked the church for an annulment but the pope declined. So he split from the church and made up his own and was the head of the church. When: 1509 Where: England Why Important: He was the first to King to split from the church and build his own it would also cause problems between all of his children.
Huguenots
Who/What: Huguenots were French Calvinists. When: 1560 Where: Paris,Lyon, and Rouen Why Important: Huguenots and Catholics would try to attack the other for their religious views. The Huguenots did not have strong leader which would make it harder to defend themselves.
John Calvin
Who/What: John Calvin was a man who studied law but when he experienced a religious crisis, he converted to Protestantism. He had a different view on religion and believed that church and state should be connected. When: 1541 Where: Geneva,France Why Important:Many people would also agree with his ideas and the spread of Calvinism would soon follow.
John Knox
Who/What: John Knox dominated the reform movement and led to the establishment of a state church. When: 1560 Where:Scotland Why Important: John Knox was determined to structure the Scottish Church after the model of Geneva. He persuaded the Scottish parliament to end papal authority and rule by bishops.
Martin Luther
Who/What: Martin Luther(1483-1546) was a priest and publicly challenged the church after they permitted the sale of indulgences. Where: Luther lived in what is now Germany When: The early 1500s Why Important: Martin Luther was the first person to publicly go against the church and get away with it. This led to others finding the courage to do the same.
Predestination
Who/What: Predestination was the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works. When: 1560 Where: Geneva, France Why Important: Predestination transformed Geneva into a community based on his religious principles.
Protestant
Who/What: Protestant was the name given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups. Where: In western Europe When: 1529 Why Important: The Protestant belief was very attractive to many people who despised and envied the churches wealth and power. Many people would soon become protestant and the church would lose many followers and power.
Anticlericalism
Image N/A Who/What: Opposition to the clergy. Where:All around the world, mostly Germany When:Early 1500s Why Important: Anticlericalism is the first step to the Catholic Church being in question and finally losing its power. Many people are unhappy and start to express it publicly.
Anabaptist
Picture N/A Who/What: Anabaptist,which means rebaptizers, where radicals who challenged the church's means of baptizing. They were adults who believed in the baptism of adult believers. When: 1520s Where: The idea started in Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. Why Important: The Anabaptist were the first of many different beliefs, views, and groups that occurred when someone wanted to start their own new religious group.
Gustavus Vasa of Sweden
Picture N/A Who/What: Gustavus came to the throne during civil war in Sweden and took over control of church personnel and income. When: 1523 Where: Sweden Why Important: Gustavus helped Protestant ideas spreads,though the Swedish Church didn't officially accept Lutheran theology until later.
Christian III of Denmark
Picture N/A Who/What: King Christian of Denmark ruled the area outside the empire to officially accept the Reformation. He officially broke from the church and most clergy followed. When: 1536 Where: The kingdom of Denmark-Norway Why Important: The first half of the kingdom accepted Lutheranism(Denmark) but the other half had violent reactions(Norway) which would make the kingdom hard to control.
Politiques
Picture N/A Who/What: Politiques were Catholic and Protestant moderated who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. When:1572 Where: France Why Important:Politiques shaped the way for the idea of how a monarchy should be. And how they should chose them.
Edict of Nantes
Picture N/A Who/What: The Edict of Nantes was a document issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists,which helped restore peace in France. When:1598 Where: France Why Important: Helped bring peace in France and helped pave the way to religious freedom.
Institutes of Christian Religion
Picture N/A Who/What: The Institutes of Christian Religion was Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism. When:1536 Where: Geneva,France Why Important: It would leave many people to think about their doctrines and how they should live.
Spanish Armada
Picture N/A Who/What: The Spanish Armada was a fleet sent by Philip of Spain against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it. When: 1588 Where English Channel Why Important: The had then went back to Spain and built a stronger and more efficient navy. The Spanish Armada helped prevent Philip II from imposing Catholicism on England by force.
Union of Utrecht
Picture N/A Who/What: The Union of Utrecht was the alliance of seven northern provinces that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. When:1581 Where:Holland Why Important: It would be the cause of the Spanish Armada and would lead to Spain losing territory.
Peace of Augsburg
Picture N/A Who/What: To bring a stop to religious warfare Charles V agreed to the Peace of Augsburg that would officially recognize Lutheranism. When: 1555 Where: It was agreed to in France Why Important: It officially recognized Lutheranism and stopped religious wars. It did not,however bring religious tensions to a halt.
Holy Office
Picture N/A Who/What:The Holy Office was the official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrine heresy. When:1542 Where: Holy Roman Empire Why Important: Within the Papal States, the Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy, but outside the papal territories, its influence was slight.
Witch Panic
Picture N/A Who/What: The Which Panic was a time when an explosion of witch trials occurred. Many people accused others of being a witch. When:1560 Where: Europe Why Important: This showed how people had very strong religious beliefs about the devil and how scared people were.
Council of Trent
Who/What: The Council of Trent was not only called to reform the church but also to secure the reconciliation with the Protestants. When:1545 Where: Trent close to Italy Why Important: It helped reform the Catholic Church and get rid of most of its corrupt ordeals. It purified the church and made many people come back to their original religion,Catholic.
Ninety-five Theses on the power of Indulgences
Who/What: The ninety-five theses where the ninety-five reasons Luther wrote about, explaining how the church was corrupt and needed reform. Where: It was nailed to the doors of Luther's church in Germany. When:1517 Why Important: The theses where meant for other church officials to read because it was in Latin. The others agreed with his ideas and they were printed and shipped to other countries.
Indulgence
Who/What:An indulgence is a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory,widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. Where: Sold everywhere in Europe When: The early 1500s Why Important: This was the very reason Martin Luther spoke out. This was the basis for his 95 theses.
Jesuits
Who/What:Jesuits were members of the Society of Jesus,founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith. When:1565 Where: Europe Why Important: It helped bring people back to the church after they saw how much of the corruption was done away with.
Augsburg Confession
Who/What:The Augsburg Confession happened at the Diet of Worms. It was a meeting called by Charles V to try and make Luther recant his writing against the Catholic Church. When:1530 Where: At Worms in Switzerland Why Important: Luther would refuse to take back what he said and be let go. This would lead to others making the same bold statements seeing he got away unscathed.
Ulrich Zwingli
Who/What:Ulrich Zwingli(1484-1531) was a priest who relies Erasmus's New Testament rather than preach what the church told him to.He went on to attack indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy. When:1523 Where: Switzerland or Germany Why Important: Luther,Ulrich, and others began the protestant reformation and are the future leaders of many of the attacks on the church.