Chapter 13 Methods of Therapy

History of therapies

-Asylums -mental hospitals -community mental health measurements

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

-EMDR- used to treat stress disorders Research does not explain why it works -are the eye movements necessary? may have to do with relationship with therapist and exposure to trauma while believing it can be managed

Effectiveness of psychotherapy

-Mental - analysis -people who obtain psychotherapy of client centered therapies feel better than those who do not -must consider type of therapies type of problems and type of patient

Group therapies Advantages

-economical -more experiences for client to draw upon -social support of the group -affiliation with people with similar problems -improvement provides hope for others -practice social skills in safe environment

Ethnicity and psychotherapy

-ethnic minority groups in US less likely than European Americans to seek therapy -not aware of helpfulness of therapy -lack of information on services -distrust of professionals -language barriers

Couple therapy

-improve communication and manage conflict -cognitive behavioral approach

Psychodynamic therapies: Traditional

-insight -catharsis -free association -resistance -transference -dream analysis -wish fulfillment

Which of the following is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations?

Modeling

Catharsis "spilling fork"

in psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them

Free association

in psychoanalysis, the uncensored uttering of all thought's that come to mind

Gamma knife surgery

involves streams of radiation being beamed deep into a person's skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in obsessive- compulsive disorder and phobias.

Karen has been experiencing episodes of mania and deep depression. To flatten out her cycles of mania and depression, she will most likely be treated using

lithium carbonate.

Native Americans

many psychological disorders that involve the disruption of their traditional culture caused by European colonization. Loss of cultural identity and social disorganization have set the stage for problems such as alcoholism, substance abuse, and depression

Insight

means knowledge of the experiences that lead to conflicts and maladaptive behavior, recognition of unconscious feelings and conflicts, and conscious evaluation of one's thoughts, feelings and behavior

African Americans

often reluctant to seek psychological help because of cultural assumptions that people should manage their own problems they are also suspicious of therapists

Dorothy Dix

part of the reform that moved people from asylums to mental hospitals

Transference

responding to one person (such as a psychoanalyst) in a way similar to how one responded to another person (such as a parent) in childhood

In 1952, the British psychologist Hans Eysenck published a review of psychotherapy research, "The Effects of Psychotherapy." In this review, he concluded that the rate of improvement among people in psychotherapy was no greater than the rate of improvement due to

spontaneous remission.

Psychosurgery

surgery intended to promote psychological changes or to relieve disordered behavior -Prefrontal lobotomy -Pioneered by Antonio Egas Moniz

Behavior therapy

systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors

Family therapy

systems approach

Asian Americans

tend to stigmatize people with psychological disorders. As a result they may deny problems and refuse to seek help for them they may also not understand or believe in Western approaches to psychotherapy

Prefrontal lobotomy

the severing or destruction of a section of the frontal lobe of the brain

Biofeedback training

the systematic feeding back to an organism of information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function

Resistance

the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression

Latin Americans

therapists need to be aware of potential conflicts between the traditional value of interdependence in the family and the typical European American belief in independence and self reliance

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

treatment of disorders like major depression by passing an electric current that causes convulsion through the head

Group therapies Disadvantages

unable to express feelings to group

Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

used for depression and schizophrenia

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis's form of therapy that encourages clients challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors

Drug therapy

Antianxiety drugs -rebound anxiety Antipsychotic Drugs Antidepressant -3-4 weeks, side effects, selective serotonin- reuptake inhibitors Mood stabilizers

Modern psychodynamic approaches

Briefer, less intense, usually directive

Psychoanalysis

Freud's method of psychotherapy

Gestalt therapy

Frit Perl's form of psychotherapy, which attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves

Fear- reduction methods

Systematic desensitization -confront hierarchy of stimuli -counterconditioning -virtual therapy Modeling -observational learning

When a therapist shows respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals, he or she is showing

Unconditional positive regard

systematic desensitization

Wolpe's method for reducing fears through the association of a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation.

Social skills training

a behavior therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that uses self-monitoring behavior rehearsal and feedback

Token economy

a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for privileges

Cognitive therapy

a form of therapy that focuses on how clients cognitions lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior

Ego analyst

a psychodynamiclly oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id

Psychotherapy

a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influences the client's thoughts, feelings,or behavior to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual

Psychodynamic therapy

a type of psychotherapy that is based on Freud's thinking and that assumes that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts

Antidepressant

acting to relieve depression

Self help and support groups

alcoholics anonymous (AA)

Cognitive - behavior therapy (CBT)

an approach to therapy that uses cognitive and behavioral techniques that have been validated by research

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

antidepressant drugs that work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic, thus increasing the amount of serotonin available to the brain (Prozac and Zoloft)

Most antianxiety drugs, such as Valium and Ativan, belong to the chemical class known as

benzodiazepines.

Successive economy

in operant conditioning a serious of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior

Many therapists argue that evidence-based practices favor the therapies that are more readily standardized in treatment manuals and which can be followed more accurately by practitioners in experiments, which would be the ________ therapies.

cognitive-behavioral

Wish fulfillment

in dreams, the acting out of ideas and impulses that are repressed when one is conscious