Chapter 13; Packet

Chinese

Central Pacific

Irish and African Americans

Union Pacific

George Westinghouse the currents could be generated more cheaper and travel longer distances

alternating current and transformers

the private charities could not afford to help everyone

in the late 1800s, families in need of food, clothing, and shelter often went without these basics without

sometimes children's wages meant the difference between going hungry and having food on the table

many children had to go to work in the late 1800s because

Edwin L. Drake obtaining oil became cheaper and more efficient

oil well, drill, and pump

Another labor union known as the American Federation of Labor was under the leadership of Samuel Gompers. Unlike other unions, the AFL sought to organize skill workers

skilled workers, Samuel Gompers, American Federation of Labor

in the late 1800s, many Americans preferred the idea of socialism, or the favoring of public money control. Karl Marx was a socialist who wrote a pamphlet named Communist Manifesto about how socialism would rise

socialism, Karl Marx, and Communist Manifesto

they had hopes of finding work in the countries booming industrial centers

some 14 million people immigrated to America between 1860-1900 because

Samuel F.B. Morse began the communication revolution and provided faster communication

telegraphy

Alexander Graham Bell faster communication along a wider distance

telephone

Henry Bessemer steel for buildings and railroads more efficiently made, for the process to remove impurities bc easier and cheaper

Bessemer process

An inventor known as George Pullman had been very successful in his invention, though he held his workers to high standers and eventually shut down his plant. Workers turned to the new union known as American Railway Union lead by Eugene V. Debs. Together they started the Pullman Strike

American Railway Union, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Strike

1) Americans who feared that trusts were limiting industrial competition demanded government action to break up these industrial giants 2) The Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Main Idea: In 1890, congress made an attempt to restrict big business, but it was not effective

1) Carnegie suggested that the wealthy were somehow the most valuable group in society 2) Suggested that if the government stayed out of business affairs, those who are more fit would succeed and become rich

Main Idea: In the late 1800s, the theory of social Darwinism arose

1) Carnegie was vertical consolidation 2) Rockerfeller was horizontal consolidation

Main Idea: Industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rocerfeller used varied forms of industrial control to lower production costs and drive out competition

1) Robber Barons implies that business leader built their fortunes by stealing from the public 2) Captains of industries suggest that the business leaders saved their nation in a positive way

Main Idea: Powerful industrialists who established large businesses in that late 1800s have been described as "captains of industry" and as "robber barons"

In 1892, Henry Frick tried to cut the wages of Carnegies's workers. They became angry and started the Homestead Strike. Frick however called in the private police forced known as the Pinkertons

Pinkertons, Homestead Strike, Henry Frick

-stole from the public -rob country of natural resources -influence public policy -drive out competitors -exploit workers

Qualities of robber barons

In 1877 when railroad announced wage cuts, workers were enraged and declared a strike. There was violence, so Rutherford B. Hayes sent in federal troops to restore order. However, in Pittsburg soldiers fought at rioters, resulting in more violence

Rutherford B. Hayes, railroad strike, Pittsburg

One early labor union was the Knights of Labor. Their leader was machinist Terence Powderley was the leader who believed in blood social reforms

Terence Powderley, Knights of Labor, social reforms

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

When tf was it not

-creates jobs -new technology/industry -public institutions

captains of industry

factory work offered higher pay more opportunities than most people could hope to find somewhere else

despite harsh working conditions, there was no shortage of labor in America because

they wanted to flee poor economic conditions, in addition, low prices and more foreign competition left farmers penniless

during the late 1800s, millions of Americans moved from farms to cities because

Thomas Edison the new electricity was affordable and replaced the hazardous oil and gas lamps. (eventually lead to fridge)

electric power and light bulb

they repeated the same step over again and never saw the finished product, thus making the work less enjoyable

factory laborers resented the introduction of methods to improve efficiency because

they viewed them as interchangeable parts in a vast and impersonal machine

factory managers referred to workers as "hands" or "operatives" because

of fatigue, faulty equipment, and careless training

fires and accidents were common occurrences in factories because