Chapter 13 (PSY)

Prosocial behavior

Caring about the welfare and rights of others, feeling concern and empathy for them, and acting in a way that benefits others are all components of _______________.

Immanent justice

Characteristic of *Heteronomus morality in children* __________ is a concept that is thought of as if a rule is broken, punishment will be *immediate*; a violation is automatically connected to it's punishment, and if something unfortunate happened, the person must have transgressed.

7 to 10

From ages ______ to ______, children transition showing some features of the first stage of piagets moral development (Heteronomus morality) and some of the second stage (Autonomus morality).

Care perspective

Giligan's perspective that emphasizes connectedness with others, interpersonal communication, social relationships and concern for others. Girls consistently interpret more dilemmas in terms of human relationships, basing interpretations on listening and watching other people.

Justice

Gilligan suggested that kholber'gs theory is based on the male norms that put abstract principles above relationships and concern for others. *Heart of morality of Kohlberg's theory is a ___________ perspective*

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Kohlberg's second stage (Preconventional reasoning) _______________; individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same. "Children think what is right involves an equal exchange; Thus, if they are nice to others, others will be nice to them in return"

Heteronomus morality

Piaget's first stage of moral development is __________. *Children ages 4-7 think justice and rules are unchangeable, out of people's control* They judge the goodness of a behavior by considering its consequences, not intentions of the actor. Believes in *immanent justice* - if a rule is broken, punishment will be immediate; a violation is automatically connected to it's punishment, and if something unfortunate happened, the person must have transgressed.

Moral behavior

Resistance to temptation and self control are key to what?

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Stage 3 of The Kohlberg stages (Conventional reasoning level "level 2"): Defined as *individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as the basis of moral judgment.* "Children and adolescents often adopt their parents' moral standards at this age, seeking to be thought of by their parents as a "good girl" or a "good boy"

Social systems morality

Stage 4 of The Kohlberg stages (Conventional reasoning level "level 2"): Defined as moral judgments are based on understanding social order, law, justice, and duty. "Adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members."

Psychoanalytic theory of moral feeling

The __________________________ is a theory of moral feeling according to Freud, *guilt and desire to avoid feeling guilty are the foundation of moral behavior.* Ego ideal - the component of the superego that rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts in accordance to the ideal standards approved by parents. Conscience - the component that punishes the child for behaviors disapproved by the parents, making the child feel guilty and worthless.

Cognitive

Thompson suggests that children are not as egocentric as piaget envisioned. He argues that research indicates that young children possess __________ resources that allow them to become aware of others' intentions and know when someone violates a moral prohibition. Because of their limited self control, social understanding, and cognitive flexibility, young children's moral advancements are often inconsistent and vary across situations.

Reinforcement, punishment, and imitation

What are the three processes of *Moral behavior*?

Moral exemplars

_________ are people who have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment. Among young adults, these are more advanced in moral reasoning, further along in identity development, and more likely to be in close relationships.

Character education

_________ is a direct education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy in schools. This is to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and doing harm to themselves or others.

Reciprocity

_________ is the obligation to return a favor.

Altruism

_________ is the unselfish interest and voluntary effort in helping another person.

Heteronomus morality

___________ is *Stage 1 of Kohlberg's stages* in the level of *Preconventional reasoning* This is like Piaget's theory in that moral thinking is tied to punishment. "Children think that they must obey because they fear punishment for disobedience."

Universal ethical principle

___________ is *Stage 6 of Kohlbergs stages (Postconventional reasoning)* Individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights. "When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons that conscience should be followed, even though the decision might bring risk*

Values clarification

___________ is a concept of moral development in schools that involves helping people to clarify what their lives mean and what is worth working for. This encourages students to define their own values and understand the values of others.

Social cognitive theory of morality

___________ is a theory of moral behavior that emphasizes a distinction between moral competence and moral performance. *Moral competence - the cognitive ability to construct and perform moral behaviors *Moral performance - the actual behavior, determined by motivation and rewards and incentives* This states that moral development is best understood by a combination of social and cognitive factors. (Especially those involving self control).

Empathy

___________ is reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to other's feelings. It is not just sympathizing, it is to put oneself in another's place emotionally. *Emotional state with a cognitive component - the ability of perspective - taking, discerning the inner psychological states of others.*

Post-conventional reasoning

___________ is the *Highest level in Kohlberg's theory "level 3" - The individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores options, and then decides on a personal moral code. This consists of *Stages 5 -"Social contract or utility and individual rights"* and *Stage 6 - "Universal ethical principle"*

Autonomus morality

___________ is the *second stage of piagets theory of morality*. Children from age 10+ are aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging action, consider both intentions and consequences. They recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrong doing, and punishment is not inevitable. *Peer relations persuade children's thinking through give and take.*

Social contract / utility and individual rights

____________ is *Stage 5 of Kholbergs stages (Postconventional reasoning)* Individuals reason that values, rights, and principles under-gird or transcend the law. "A person evaluates the validity of actual laws and social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values"

Conventional reasoning

____________ is Kohlberg's *intermediate / second level* of his theory of moral development. *Intermediate level at which individuals apply certain standars that are set by others, such as parents or government* Consists of Stage 3 "Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and interpersonal conformity" and Stage 4 " social systems morality".

Service learning

____________ is a concept of moral development in schools that is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. Goals are to let adolescence become less self-centered and more strongly motivated to help others.

Cognitive moral education

____________ is a concept of moral development in schools that is based on the belief that students should learn to value such things as a democracy and justice as moral reasoning develops. Kholbergs theory has served as the basis of many ___________ ________________ educational programs.

Sympathy

____________ is an emotional response to another person in which the observer feels sad or concerned about the person's well-being.

Moral character

____________ is having the strength of your convictions, persisting, and overcoming distractions and obstacles.

Preconventional reasoning

____________ is level one of kohlberg's theory of moral development. *This is the lowest level, at which good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments* Consists of *Stage 1 "Heteronomus morality" / Stage 2 " Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange*

Interpersonal dimension

____________ regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict.

Moral development

_____________ involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the standards of right and wrong. *Intrapersonal dimension* - Regulates a person's activities when not engaged in social interaction. *Interpersonal dimension* - regulates social interactions and abitrates conflict.

Hidden curriculum

______________ is a concept of moral development in schools that is *conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is part of every school* Created by school and classroom rules, the orientation of teachers and administrators, and text materials.

Moral identity

______________ is an aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments central to their lives. "behaving in a manner that violates this moral commitment places integrity of the self at the risk*

Moral behavior

_______________ is a concept that consists of *Processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation* that affect how individuals learn this concept. -Effectiveness of reward and punishment depends on the consistency and timing. -Effectiveness of modeling depends on the characteristics of the model and cognitive skills of the observer. *Individuals do not consistently display __________ ___________ in different situations* *Resistance to temptation and self control are KEY*

Intrapersonal dimension

_______________ regulates a person's activities when not engaged in social interaction

Social conventional reasoning

________________ focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus and convention. Unlike moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.

Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory

___________________ include that: -*Too much emphasis on moral thought, and not enough on moral behavior.* -*Where Kohlberg suggests moral thinking is deliberative, Haidt suggests it is more an intuitive reaction* -*Kholberg suggests that emotions have negative effects on moral reasoning, evidence indicates emotions play an important role* -*Critics claim the theory is culturally biased*. -*Too much emphasis on peer relations and not enough on family*

Social domain theory

___________________ is a theory that states that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional and personal domains. This arise from children and adolescents attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

Piaget's Moral Development

____________________ is a theory of development proposed by "______" , that consists of *Heteronomus Morality and Autonomus Morality*. *Heteronomus morality* - from ages 4 to 7 years old, children think of justice and rules as unchangeable, removed from people's control. *Autonomus morality* - from ages 10+, children are aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging action, consider both intentions and consequences.

Moral personality

____________________ is the moral thoughts, moral behavior, and moral feelings that can all be involved in an individual.

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development

__________________________ is a theory of moral development that is divided up into *six stages* and *three levels*