Chapter 13 (Psychological Testing)
Standardized
Refers to 2 things, (1) must be administered and scored the same way every time and (2) establishing the norm, or average score, made by a large group of people.
8. How are norms established?
Through test taking, percentiles are established and these then become the norms (the average for a particular group)
Personality Test
Assesses an individual's characteristics and identifies problems
Objective Test
A limited- or forced-choice test in which a person must select one of several answers
4 ways of determining a test's reliability
(1)Test-retest, (2)Interscorer, (3) Scorer, and (4)split-half.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
(1921) Best known projective test. Consists of 10 cards with in blotches on them that are to be interpreted by the person. It is thought that the answers an the manner in which they were answered says something about the person's personality.
Cultural Bias
An aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group
Projective Test
An unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his or her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli
Estimates the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill
Aptitude Test
The CPI
California Psychological Inventory. Is for general use and it measures traits such as responsibility, self -control, and tolerance (used to predict things). Good for general screening and identifying those who may need help.
Two-factor Theory
Charles Spearman (1904) proposes that two factors contribute to and individuals intelligence. First factor (g) represents a person's general intelligence and second factor represents (s) a person's specific mental abilities.
Adaptive Instruction
Computers can also adapt tests to include more problems in areas where your answers are frequently wrong. By increasing the questions posed on topics you are missing, the computer reinforces more careful studying in areas least understood.
What includes the 4 major aspects of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence?
Emotional Intelligence
Aptitude Test
Estimates the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill. Ex: DATE and GATB, SAT and ACT.
The GATB
General Aptitude Test Battery is an aptitude test made up of 9 different different test to see if there is promise for a particular occupation. They also can show aptitude in other areas like music.
Content Validity
How well tests measure students' mastery of a set of knowledge
Emotional Intelligence
Includes four major aspects of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. This includes (1) ability to percieve and express emotions accurately and appropriately, (2) ability to use emotions while thinking, (3) ability to understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively, and (4) ability to regulate one's emotions to promote personal growth.
Measures a person preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify likely success.
Interest Inventory
The KPR
Kruder Preference Record. Individual chooses from 3 possible activities they would most likely like to do
Interest Inventory
Measures a person's preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success.
Achievement Test
Measures how much a person has learned in a given subject or area
Wechsler Tests
Most frequently used intelligence (revised version) for adults. It has different ones for different age groups. Scoring provides a more detailed picture of strength and weaknesses.
The MMPI
Most widely used for general personality assessment. It consists of 567 true or false statements. Can help find psychological disorders and see what level they are. They identify this by setting a standard of those who had that disorder and how they answered.
A limited or forced choice test in which a person must select of several answers
Objective Test
The Myers-Briggs Test
Objective personality test. It focuses on how the person takes in information, makes decisions, and approaches day-to-day tasks. Characterizes personality on 4 different scales: (1) extraversion v. introversion, (2) Intuition v. Sensing, (3) Feeling v. Thinking, (4) Judging v. Perceiving.
Predictive validity
One of the chief methods for measuring validity is to find out how well a test predicts performance
What are the the two basic types of personality tests? Differences? Give an example of each.
Projective (Rorschach Inkblot Test, the TAT, etc.) and Objective (MMPI, CPI, Myers-Briggs Test, etc.). The difference between them is that Objective tests offer a limited multiple choice test in which the person can only choose one answer, while Projective tests are unstructured and the person can respond freely.
an unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his or her own interception of various ambiguous stimuli.
Projective Test
Sternberg's view of intelligence
Proposed that intelligence consists of 3 part (triarchic theory), 3 manners in which we process information.
Scorer reliability
Proving if a test is reliable by measuring if the same teacher grades the same paper at different times, if they will score the paper differently.
interscorer reliability
Proving if a test is reliable by measuring if the score received is more dependent on the grader than you
split-half
Proving if a test is reliable by randomly dividing the test in half and scoring each half separately. The two scores should be approximately the same.
Test-retest reliability
Proving if a test is unreliable based on whether it produces a measurement that is stable over time.
Percentile System
Ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Revised many times. Groups the tested items by age level Now offers score in various areas not just one single score. 100 is average (IQ).
Norms
Standard of comparison for test results developed b giving the test to large, well-defined groups of people
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average. IQ=[(Mental age)/(Chronological age)]*100
Triarchic Theory
Sternberg proposes that intelligence can be divided into 3 ways of processing information. The ways are (1) analytical thinking skills, (2) creative thinking, and (3) practical thinking skills.
Gardner's view of intelligence (multiple intelligences)
Suggested that there are multiple types of intelligence, not a unitary term made up of various abilities.
Thurstone's views of intelligence (seven primary mental abilities)
Suggested that there is no general intelligence but only specific mental abilities which make up the persons intelligence.
Validity
The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
Intelligence
The ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations
Adaptive Testing
The computer changes the question difficulty as it adapts the test to your performance. It is more accurate than standard testing especially if very high or low in ability.
Heritability
The degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors
What is the validity of a test? How is the validity of a test determined?
The validity of a test is identifying whether a test measures what it is designed to measure. It is determined through various methods (measuring predictive validity, etc.)
The TAT
Thematic Appreciation Test. Second most used projective test. Consists of 20 cards with pictures of suggestive situations. The individual is then asked to tell a story based on the card, allowing the client to talk freely about their thoughts. Used to assess the motivation/personality characteristics/personality problems of individuals.
Difference between and aptitude test and an achievement test. Give example for each.
They measure different things. Aptitude tests measure whether a person has a certain talent or skill and predict how well they can learn a new skill (SAT). Achievement tests measure a person's knowledge and how much they have learned (Class tests).
7. Occurs when the wondering used in questions may be more familiar to people of one cultural group than another
cultural bias
Reliability
the ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions