Chapter 13 Quiz Study Guide

_____________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations. - Alcoholism - Cigarette smoking - Drug use - Obesity Review page 449

- Cigarette smoking

Awareness and coordination of positive and negative feelings into a complex, organized structure - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Cognitive-affective complexity

Instead of choosing between opposing views, the most mature individuals try to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Commitment within relativistic thinking

According to the "random events" theory of biological aging, . - DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through mutations - as time goes on, the human body wears out from repeated use - "aging genes" control the deterioration of body cells - environmental factors have little impact on human aging Review page 439

- DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through mutations

Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Dualistic thinking

Refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Epistemic cognition

Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a filed or endeavor - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Expertise

Which adult is the most likely to engage in commitment within relativism? - Adam, a 20-year-old college sophomore - Rainer, a 22-year-old mechanic - Helena, a 24-year-old retail clerk - Nadia, a 26-year-old graduate student Review page 457

- Nadia, a 26-year-old graduate student

Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operations - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Postformal thought

Which statement about rape prevention and treatment is true? - Practically no services are available for victimized men, who are often too embarrassed to come forward. - The trauma induced by rape is typically so personal that group therapy is an ineffective intervention - Because sexual coercion is a violent crime, it has little to do with gender inequality or stereotyping - Safety planning interventions are not needed if the abuser is no longer present in the victim's life. Review page 454

- Practically no services are available for victimized men, who are often too embarrassed to come forward

A structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Pragmatic thought

Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought - Cognitive-affective complexity - Commitment within relativistic thinking - Dualistic thinking - Epistemic cognition - Expertise - Postformal thought - Pragmatic thought - Relativistic thinking

- Relativistic thinking

hich statement is true about sexually transmitted infections? - Men are at a greater risk than women for long-term health consequences from STIs. - The incidence of HIV-positive adults is higher in the United States than in other industrialized nations. - HIV/AIDS remains a serious risk, with heterosexual men bearing the greatest burden for the disease. - The annual number of U.S. new HIV infections—about 50,000—has risen sharply since the late 1990s. Review page 453

- The incidence of HIV-positive adults is higher in the United States than in other industrialized nations.

Regena, age 50, is likely to have ____________ than 25-year-old Owen. - a smaller thymus - softer artery walls - more fast-twitch muscle fibers - thicker cartilage in the joints Review page 443

- a smaller thymus

Age-related declines in hearing ________________ . - are more than twice as rapid for men as for women - begin at low frequencies and gradually extend higher - are slightly more rapid for women than for men - begin after age 50 for most men and women Review page 441

- are more than twice as rapid for men as for women

Most Americans eat ____________ . - to maintain the body's functions - the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables - the right amount, but the wrong types of food - because they feel like it or it is time to do so Review page 445

- because they feel like it or it is time to do so

From the freshman to the senior year of college, most students ______________ . - become better at reflecting on the quality of their thinking - lose their concern for human welfare and enthusiasm for political activism - show a decreased tolerance for racial and ethnic diversity - become experts in a field and develop master-level creativity Review page 460

- become better at reflecting on the quality of their thinking

The sexual problem most often reported by men is ____________ . - lack of interest in sex - inability to achieve orgasm - climaxing too early - a partner's lack of technique Review page 452

- climaxing too early

T cells ________________ . - secrete antibodies that multiply and capture antigens - are neutralized or destroyed during the immune response - directly attack foreign substances in the body - release more antibodies when B cells are present Review page 443

- directly attack foreign substances in the body

During the realistic period of vocational development, the first step is often ___________ , and the final phase is _____________ . - examining abilities and values; reality - fantasizing about the career; examining ability - crystallization; fantasizing about other careers - further exploration; crystallization Review page 462

- further exploration; crystallization

Saturated fat _______________ . - is found in corn, soybean, and safflower oils - generally comes from meat and dairy products - is linked to reduced cardiovascular disease mortality - should make up 30 percent of total caloric intake Review page 447

- generally comes from meat and dairy products

Clifton has developed master-level creativity. This means that Clifton probably _____________ . - is able to dismiss information that appears irrelevant at first glance - has the capacity to think intuitively with a reduced filter - is open to new experiences and intolerant of ambiguity - is driven to succeed and unwilling to try again after failure Review page 459

- has the capacity to think intuitively with a reduced filter

At the end of the teenage years, nearly 70 percent of U.S. young people ________________--- . -report regular heavy drinking - have used mobile dating apps - have had sexual intercourse -report binge drinking during the past month Review page 450

- have had sexual intercourse

Regular physical activity is linked to ___________. - a slight decline in energy level - a slight decline in the immune response - reduced incidence of breast and colon cancer - production of LDLs and removal of HDLs Review page 448

- reduced incidence of breast and colon cancer

Research indicates that_______________ play(s) a role in the age-related rise in cardiovascular disease. - unsaturated fat - saturated fat - whole grains - complex carbohydrates Review page 447

- saturated fat

The strongest evidence for _____________ comes from research showing that human cells allowed to divide in the laboratory have a lifespan of 50 divisions, plus or minus 10. - the existence of "aging genes" - the "random events" theory of aging - the cross-linkage theory of aging - behavioral modification of aging Review page 438

- the existence of "aging genes"

Young people between 25 and 34 are __________ . - most likely to meet a partner at work - the most avid users of dating sites and apps - unlikely to use the Internet to meet a partner - likely to have had 2-4 partners in the past year Review page 451

- the most avid users of dating sites and apps

Dr. Castillo focuses her research on post-formal thought. She studies how____________ in adulthood. - personal effort takes precedence over social experiences - ways of thinking make it harder to accept uncertainties - thinking becomes increasingly rational and flexible - thinking is restructured and becomes less practical Review page 456

- thinking becomes increasingly rational and flexible

Southern University is revising its sexual coercion prevention and treatment program. Which action step is the most likely to be effective? -Make treatment for both male and female student perpetrators optional -Broaden definitions of rape and sexual coercion to be gender-neutral. -Increase public awareness that women rarely commit sexually aggressive acts. -Include safety planning for the survivor only when the perpetrator is still present. Review page 455

-Broaden definitions of rape and sexual coercion to be gender-neutral.

About 60 percent of ______________________ youths participate in successful work‒study apprenticeships instead of attending college-preparatory high schools -French -German -Japanese -Chinese Review page 465

-German

Yao is 45 years old. How has the maximum vital capacity of his lungs changed from when he was 25? -It has decreased by about 10 percent. -It has decreased by about 20 percent. - It has remained constant. -It has increased by about 10 percent. Review page 442

-It has decreased by about 20 percent.

Which statement about non-college-bound young adults is true? -Non-college-bound high school graduates are less likely than youth who drop out to find employment. -About one-half of U.S. young people with a high school diploma have no current plans to go to college. -Nearly 20 percent of U.S. recent high school graduates who do not continue their education are unemployed. -Non-college-bound high school graduates have more work opportunities than high school graduates of several decades ago. Review page 465

-Nearly 20 percent of U.S. recent high school graduates who do not continue their education are unemployed.

________________________of Millennials approve of legalized same-sex marriage. -Almost one-third -Just over half -Just under two-thirds -Nearly three-fourths Review page 452

-Nearly three-fourths

Which statement about cognitive development in early adulthood is true? -Pruning of synapses progresses at a faster pace in early adulthood than in adolescence -Growth and myelination of stimulated neural fibers progress at a faster pace than in adolescence. -The prefrontal cognitive-control network becomes imbalanced with the brain's emotional/social network. -The cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the prefrontal cortex. Review page 456

-The cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the prefrontal cortex.

Which statement about men who choose nontraditional careers is true? -They tend to report a high level of private comfort with their career choice -They are less likely than their female co-workers to move into supervisory positions. -Their co-workers often assume that they are less knowledgeable than they actually are. -They are less likely than female co-workers to be offered choice job placements. Review page 464

-They tend to report a high level of private comfort with their career choice

Virgil, Pearl, Sherise, and Alonso recently joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Which statement is probably true? -All of them will be likely to break their addictions. -Two of them will relapse within a few months. -Three of them will break their addiction to alcohol. -Only one of them will relapse within the next year. Review page 450

-Two of them will relapse within a few months.

In surveys of American adults over the past four decades,______ . -approval of extramarital sex remained consistently high -approval of extramarital sex increased after the mid-2000s -acceptance of premarital sex remained consistently low -acceptance of premarital sex rose sharply after the mid-2000s Review page 451

-acceptance of premarital sex rose sharply after the mid-2000s

Compared to their traditional-career counterparts, men who choose traditionally female-dominated careers . -are more focused on the social status of their work -are more gender-typed in their personal life -are more interested in working with people -have more conservative social attitudes Review page 464

-are more interested in working with people

Senescence ________________________________--- . -begins at the moment of conception and accelerates after age 40 -occurs across all parts of the body at the same time and speed -begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency -occurs because the physical body wears out from use Review page 438

-begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency

Telomerase ________________________ . -causes cells to become senescent -can lengthen telomeres -hastens telomere shortening -activity can age cells Review page 439

-can lengthen telomeres

When Imelda considers which of five movies most deserves an Oscar, she moves beyond the stance that everything is a matter of opinion and generates rational criteria against which the movies can be evaluated. Imelda is engaged in _______________ . -dualistic thinking -relativistic thinking -pragmatic thought -commitment within relativistic thinking Review page 457

-commitment within relativistic thinking

College students who show large cognitive gains. -engage in campus academics but avoid involvement in extracurricular campus life -focus on classroom learning rather than civic engagement in their chosen field -connect their community service experiences with their classroom learning -interact with racially, ethnically, sexually, and religiously homogeneous peers Review page 460

-connect their community service experiences with their classroom learning

Bryson and his co-workers are developing a new sales strategy. When Bryson's conclusions differ radically from the rest of the team, he considers the justifiability of his conclusions and revises them slightly. Bryson is engaged in ____________________ . -epistemic cognition -dualistic thinking -relativistic thinking -commitment within relativistic thinking Review page 456

-epistemic cognition

In the United States, one in every______ individuals is likely to contract a sexually transmitted infection at some point in life. -four -eight -ten -twenty Review page 453

-four

The earlier young people start smoking, the___________ . -greater their daily cigarette use -greater the likelihood of quitting before age 30 -smaller their chances of heart attack and stroke -smaller the exposure to toxins Review page 449

-greater their daily cigarette use

Colleges that _____________________ have a higher percentage of dropouts -have less selective admissions requirements -offer support services for high-risk students -generously fund student services -place students in developmental courses Review page 460

-have less selective admissions requirements

Jin is a male librarian. Which individual is the most likely to be critical of Jin's career choice? -his female supervisor -his male co-worker -his female friend -his male friend Review page 464

-his male friend

Lorenzo quit smoking and reduced his alcohol intake. At the same time, he improved his healthy eating behaviors and increased his physical activity. Lorenzo's lifestyle changes are likely to _______________. -decrease telomerase activity -hasten telomere shortening -increase telomerase activity -slow telomere lengthening Review page 439

-increase telomerase activity

The best-known complication of chronic alcohol use is ________________ . -anxiety -liver disease -brain damage -cardiovascular disease Review page 450

-liver disease

Victims of rape and other sexual crimes report _________________. -less alcohol and substance use, but more social anxiety -less fatigue and depression, but more substance abuse -more symptoms of illness across almost all body systems -fewer negative health behaviors, like smoking and drinking Review page 454

-more symptoms of illness across almost all body systems

Family and friends can help a dieter _________ by . -keeping track of what the dieter eats and noting when he or she goes off the diet -pointing out how the extra weight prevents people from leading an active lifestyle -avoiding discussions about food and limiting the dieter's social invitations -offering encouragement, which helps foster the dieter's self-esteem and self-efficacy Review page 447

-offering encouragement, which helps foster the dieter's self-esteem and self-efficacy

Young people's vocational aspirations correlate strongly with their______________ . -parents' jobs -childhood dreams -ethnic identity -friends' aspirations Review page 463

-parents' jobs

Nora's grandfather lived to be 87, and her father is still alive at the age of 98. Nora concludes that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life. Nora should know that . -there is no reliable data on the heritability of longevity, so the cumulative effects of random events probably contributed to the long lives of her relatives -the lifespans of fraternal twins are just as similar as the lifespans of identical twins, indicating that longevity is probably not a heritable trait -rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk and protective factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later -the heritability of longevity is high, ranging from .75 to .95 for age at death, indicating that longevity is directly related to genetic factors Review page 438

-rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk and protective factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later

Star would like to improve her nutrition and reduce her risk of disease. One suggestion that you could make to Star is to ________ . -replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat -eat fewer complex carbohydrates -engage in less resistance exercise -consume less unhealthy, unsaturated fats Review page 447

-replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that no more than 10 percent of total caloric intake be made up o _________________ . -whole grains -proteins -saturated fat -unsaturated fat Review page 447

-saturated fat

The average number of calories and amount of sugar and fat consumed by Americans ________ . -sharply increased after 1970 -is lower today than it was in 1980 -has slowly decreased since the turn of the twenty-first century -fell steadily in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries Review page 446

-sharply increased after 1970

Eight-year-old Marci is involved in community theater. She fantasizes about starring in a Broadway musical. Marci's desire to be an actress____ . -will probably bear little relation to the vocational decisions that she will eventually make -will probably be actualized because she has already committed to a career at such a young age -is atypical of most young children, who base their preferences on what jobs their parents have -is unrealistic because so few actresses are able to secure roles in Broadway musicals Review page 462

-will probably bear little relation to the vocational decisions that she will eventually make

Jackson, age 26, started smoking at 16. Recently, he used nasal spray and nicotine gum in an effort to stop smoking and he has not had a cigarette in three weeks. Jackson __________________ . -cannot avoid the elevated risk of premature death from cigarettes -has already reduced his life expectancy by 11-15 years -will probably start smoking again within six months -has a 75 percent chance of never smoking again Review page 449

-will probably start smoking again within six months

Which statement about rates of overweight and obesity in the United States is true? -Overweight children and adolescents typically lose weight between ages 25 and 50. -First-generation adults have lower odds of becoming obese than their foreign-born counterparts. -A substantial number of people show large weight gains between ages 25 and 50. -The overweight rate exceeds the obesity rate, which indicates that the trend is improving. Review page 445

A substantial number of people show large weight gains between ages 25 and 50

Which statement about smoking is true? -Compared to tobacco, marijuana use is much more addictive. -The largest drop in cigarette use is among women who dropped out of high school. -Of young people who smoke cigarettes, the overwhelming majority started before age 21. -Although college students' marijuana use has decreased, their use of cigarettes has risen. Review page 449

Of young people who smoke cigarettes, the overwhelming majority started before age 21.

______________ is one-third greater in both younger and older active sports participants than in healthy, inactive agemates. - Vital capacity - Muscle loss - Decrease in the speed of muscle contractions - Conversion of slow-twitch into fast-twitch muscle fibers Review page 443

Vital capacity

In some species, _______ is/are associated with longer life. -telomere shortening -elevated free-radical activity -the absence of telomerase -cross-linked protein fibers Review page 440

elevated free-radical activity

In a study examining the importance of academic engagement in college for successful transition to the labor market, researchers found that _________ . -senior-year collegiate learning scores were unrelated to success at securing jobs requiring bachelor's level skills -successful graduates were unaware of a link between collegiate learning and post-college success -students with high collegiate learning scores found it hard to articulate the benefits of their college experience -most participants gained little in collegiate learning during their four years of college Review page 461

most participants gained little in collegiate learning during their four years of college

According to Holland, the enterprising person is drawn to _____ . -sales or politics -engineering or physics -accounting or banking -counseling or teaching Review page 462

sales or politics

American employers regard recent high school graduates as _________ . -adequately prepared for skilled business and industrial occupations -adequately prepared for industrial occupations and health professions -unprepared for skilled business, industrial occupations, and manual trades -unprepared for low-paid, unskilled jobs typically held by the non-college-bound Review page 465

unprepared for skilled business, industrial occupations, and manual trades