Chapter 13 - Reformation and Religious Wars

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith

politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

indulgence

a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

Union of Utrecht

the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy

Protestant

the name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

Holy Office

the official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Edict of Nantes

a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France

Spanish Armada

the fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it

predestination

the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works