chapter 13 smartbook

What is the average age of children when Fast Track, an intervention to lower the risk of juvenile delinquency and other problems, begin?

6.5 years old

Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?

proactive strategies; relational quality; conversational dialogue

(Blank) behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling, concern, and empathy.

prosocial

(Blank) is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.

reciprocity

(Blank) stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.

social domain theory

True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.

true

A person with (blank) does not want to go against their moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.

a moral identity

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

concern and empathy for others

(Blank) (blank) refers to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's standards, and the personal or property rights of others.

conduct disorder

True or False: Having a callous-unemotional personality traits predicts an increased risk of delinquency in adolescent females.

false

True or False: In a recent study, populations with high risk rates as little as one teacher screen taken during kindergarten predicted whether females would have adult criminal conviction by age 25.

false

True or false: According to Kohlberg, children's maturation corresponds to their advancement in moral reasoning.

false

Conduct disorders and delinquency are least likely to be diagnosed in which of the following?

female

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called (blank).

forgiveness

(Blank) development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

moral

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

According to Darcia Narváez, mature moral individuals engage in which activities? (Choose every correct answer.)

moral metacognition; moral self-reflection; moral self-monitoring

Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a(n) (blank) curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.

hidden

(Blank) is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.

immanent justice

Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as (blank).

inconsistent

Select all that apply: According to recent research, which of the following are linked to delinquency?

lack of academic success; having a learning disability

In Kohlberg and Piaget's views of moral development, (blank) play the primary role, and (blank) provide role-taking opportunities.

peers; parents

Moral (blank) is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.

performance

Match the age to the stage in Piaget's theory of moral development.

4 to 7 years of age: heteronomous morality 7 to 10 years of age: transition between the 2 stages 10 years of age and older: autonomous morality

Although finances are tight, Jamal contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of (blank).

altruism

According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children (blank) than Piaget envisioned.

are less egocentric

According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?

authoritarian

(Blank) morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

autonomous

Carol Gilligan's (blank) perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by (blank).

considering its consequences

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true about timing of the three levels of moral development? (Select all that apply)

conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence; only a small number of those in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways; the levels occur in a sequence

Cognitive factors such as low self-esteem, low intelligence and lack of sustained attention are linked to (blank).

delinquency

A juvenile who engages in illegal behavior is most commonly referred to as a(n) (blank).

delinquent

What are the two main components of the superego?

ego ideal and conscience

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

expectations about social roles

The hidden curriculum is reflected in all of the following except (blank).

explicit moral instruction

Children with serious conduct problems tend to show a(n) (blank) pattern of behavior and are often impulsive, overactive, and aggressive. Multiple choice question.

externalizing

Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and (blank), or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.

gratitude

According to Freud, (blank) is the foundation of moral behavior.

guilt

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

he interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's (blank) perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) (blank) perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice; care

(Blank). refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal.

juvenile delinquency

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was (blank).

kohlberg

(Blank) adults who reflected more on important lessons life taught them were more likely to forgive others.

older

Which factors did Kohlberg consider the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages? (Choose every correct answer.)

perspective taking; peer interaction; experience in dealing with moral questions

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation.

preconventional: individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments conventional: individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society postconventional: individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code

What theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and their moral performance?

social cognitive theory

Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?

social domain

Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on (blank), which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics. Multiple choice question.

sustaining climates

Positive outcomes for Fast Track intervention occurred as early as (blank) grade and continued to (blank) grade.

third; ninth

True or False: Individuals who express gratitude benefit in a number of ways.

true

True or false: Although someone may be capable of higher moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's levels, in real life they may not apply it.

true

Fast track intervention was successful in reducing (blank) arrest rates.

youth