Chapter 13: Social Psychology

Karen and Matt have been in a relationship for many years. Which statement may BEST explain why they have been in a relationship for so long?

Neither has found anyone who may provide the prospect of a better relationship.

Lara has been telling her new date how much she loves watching football, and then her date mentions that he has season tickets for the local team. Lara will MOST likely experience _____ if she lied to impress her date and does not really like football at all.

cognitive dissonance

Having apparently learned a new word, Elise says that she is "homophilous." Elise means that she:

likes people who are similar to her.

When people are unsure about something they have not encountered before, they usually:

look at how others act toward it.

Charlie believes that economics is boring. The process of self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that Charlie will:

make economics even more boring than it is in reality.

Lonnie believes that all women are "high maintenance." He recently went out on a date with a girl who was ready when he came to pick her up, did not order the most expensive thing on the menu, and tried to pay for the meal. The behavior of Lonnie's date has contradicted his:

stereotype.

Marci is at the bar when she sees a customer take a swing at one of the other patrons. Marci fights a lot because people always seem to do stupid things around her, but if she were to fall prey to the actor-observer effect, she would MOST likely explain that:

the customer probably has a short temper and anger management problems.

All else being equal, which man is MOST likely to engage in aggression?

Bill, who has unreasonably high self-esteem

According to the text, asking for a big favor before asking for a smaller favor should have which effect on the norm of reciprocity?

Compliance with the smaller favor would be increased.

Based on the textbook's discussion, Emily is MOST liable to like:

Henry, her co-worker, who she sees at least three times a day.

Ashley was told the story of her grandmother's marriage, which took place in 1942. According to the text, what is the MOST likely reason Ashley's grandmother got married?

Her grandmother was "in love."

Which statement provides an example of reciprocal altruism?

Judy volunteers to dog sit for a friend in the hope that he will do the same for Judy the next time that Judy goes out of town.

Janice needs to pick a partner for the prisoner's dilemma game. Who is the BEST choice?

Justin, who is always there for Janice and has never let her down

According to the text, which individual is likely to be LESS selective?

Kathy, who always makes the first move to meet someone

An advertising agency is developing advertisements to promote a political candidate. One ad is a radio spot airing during "drive time," when listeners are stressed, distracted, and impatient. Another advertisement is a print ad to appear in national newspapers and business magazines. With respect to persuasion, how do these different types of ads relate to systematic and heuristic persuasion?

The radio spot will rely on heuristic persuasion, while the print ad will rely on systematic persuasion.

Dr. Scholz is reading an article describing research in which investigators examined the consequences of other people's presence on participants' ability to perform a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is MOST likely reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology.

Social

According to the text, giving people candy with their restaurant bill will have which effect on customers?

They will leave a larger tip than if they had not gotten the candy.

Which statement is the BEST example of a stereotype?

Tina is blond and therefore must have a lot of fun.

Based solely on the following information, which person is MOST likely to engage in murder?

a 20-year-old male with high baseline testosterone

Stacy is with a group of friends who are all drinking alcohol. They offer her some, and even though she does not drink, Stacy desperately wants to fit in with her friends, so she decides to have a few drinks. Stacy's decision to drink was a result of the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

approval motive.

A teacher comes into a classroom and announces to her students that she believes blue-eyed children are smarter than brown-eyed children. The teacher is demonstrating:

prejudice.

Candy knows that she should always bring a gift when she goes to someone's house because she watched her parents bring gifts when visiting other people's houses. Candy learned this behavior because of the psychological phenomenon called:

a phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate.

Jeannie has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is the start of a new school year, and Jeannie's new teacher believes that all children with ADHD misbehave in the classroom. Jeannie has never misbehaved in the classroom before, but now her parents get a weekly phone call from the principal about Jeannie's bad behavior at school. Jeannie's teacher may be creating _____ for Jeannie.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Tre is making _____ when he gets a bad grade on a test, and rather than admitting that he did not study as much as he should have, he says it is because the teacher did not prepare the class well enough and besides, he had a bad day.

a situational attribution

Beth's friend works at a famous fast food restaurant. He told her that the hamburgers they use are a mix of many different types of meat. Although Beth trusts her friend, she does not want to believe him until she finds information to support his claim. Beth's hesitance in accepting the information her friend provided is BEST explained by the:

accuracy motive.

Ron views a coworker negatively because he belongs to a political party that Ron opposes. Ron is demonstrating:

prejudice.

Bernie speeds his car across a railway crossing just ahead of an approaching train. He explains his behavior to his passenger by saying that they are already late for a meeting and that traffic is likely to be heavy near their destination. Several days later, Bernie observes another driver race across the tracks as a train approaches. "What a reckless person!" Bernie exclaims. Bernie is demonstrating the:

actor-observer effect.

Saia is in a crowded room, when people suddenly begin screaming and running for the exits with a look of terror on their faces. According to the informational influence phenomenon, Saia MOST likely will:

also run for an exit because they probably know something about the need to exit that he does not know.

For at least a year now, Ivon has felt positively about his city's efforts to remove statutes of Confederate leaders from its squares and other public spaces. Ivon's evaluation is an example of:

an attitude.

Liesl would really like her friend to come with her to a party, but Liesl knows she is very unlikely to go. Liesl decides to use the foot-in-the-door technique by:

asking her friend to go to dinner with her and, once she agrees, asking her if she will stop by the party.

When Anil's roommate tells him that he should get up earlier in the morning so he will get to class on time, the roommate is expressing a(n):

belief.

When Harsha's parents refused his request to do something, and Harsha responded by saying that all his friends' parents were allowing them to do it, he was trying to make his parents susceptible to:

conformity.

Ramon and Rubia have just married. As the years go by, the likelihood that they will divorce:

decreases.

Olivia went out to eat with a group of friends, and they left a very small tip for the server. She does not personally feel bad for leaving a small tip because everyone else also contributed very minor amounts. Olivia's thinking BEST describes:

diffusion of responsibility.

Amelia was rated a 3 out of 10 on an attractiveness scale by her peers. According to the text, Amelia is MOST likely to:

earn less money than does someone who is rated 9 out of 10 on the same scale.

Erica's boyfriend demands that she should not go out with her girlfriends. He threatens that if she does, he will not talk to her for several days. According to the text, Erica is MOST likely to:

go out with her girlfriends because she does not like to be manipulated in this way.

Kelly is asked to give money to a group. She is MOST likely to give money to a:

group to which she feels she belongs.

Jordan is a member of a student association with an interest in French language and culture. According to the text, Jordan is a member of a:

group.

Among the clinicians in her private practice, Dr. Young is the expert on psychometrics and assessment. However, three of the clinicians disagree on her choice of tests. Dr. Young decides to change her recommendations for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:

groupthink.

Sammy the monkey is shown two different rewards: a grape and a carrot. To receive the reward he wants (the grape), Sammy has to perform as asked. Sammy performs the indicated behavior exactly as he is supposed to but receives the carrot as a reward. He proceeds to throw the carrot back at the trainer and becomes very angry. Sammy has never acted this way before. This example BEST demonstrates the:

frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Brian steps into an elevator full of people and begins to talk on his cell phone very loudly. Brian might receive disapproving looks or comments from others on the elevator because:

he has violated a norm.

India has a stereotype that people with green eyes are very intelligent. This belief is based on a statement her mother used to make when she was younger. India's stereotype is based on:

hearsay.

Betsy needs to find someone to fix the sink in her house. Which person is she MOST likely to ask for help?

her brother, who has also fixed her toilet, shower, and water heater in exchange for Betsy dog-sitting his golden retriever

Women are sometimes stereotyped as being bad at mathematics; Asians are stereotyped as being good at mathematics. When Yoon-Sook, an Asian female, is asked to report her ethnicity on a math exam:

her performance will be boosted.

Martina knows very little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of elections. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign messaging relying on _____ persuasion.

heuristic

Zlatan believes that all professional basketball players are more than 6 feet tall. Then he meets a professional basketball player who is 5 feet, 8 inches tall. Zlatan is MOST likely to:

modify slightly his stereotype of professional basketball players.

The idea that a person is MORE likely to help someone who has helped him or her demonstrates the:

norm of reciprocity.

Deanna is attending a yoga class for the first time. After noticing that everyone is seated on a yoga mat with their socks and shoes removed, Deanna takes off her socks and shoes and sits down on a yoga mat. Deanna's behavior is guided by:

normative influence.

Frankie is at a football game, and every time the home team scores a touchdown, everyone stands up and sings a victory song. After the next touchdown, Frankie also stands up and sings the victory song. Frankie's behavior is guided by:

normative influence.

Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's:

norms.

A police officer asks a driver to step out of the vehicle and walk toward him, and the driver complies. The driver has demonstrated:

obedience.

A psychology professor walks into the classroom, and tells the students to stand up and put their hands on their heads. The students comply. They have demonstrated:

obedience.

Carly is told to jump, and she jumps. This is called:

obedience.

Dave tells his dog to lie down, and the dog complies. The dog is demonstrating:

obedience.

Mike is taking Heather on a first date, and he really wants to be sure he makes a good impression and that she is attracted to him. In theory, which event on a first date would MOST likely help tilt the cards in Mike's favor?

paragliding

Lynette just became involved in a new relationship, and she has difficulty concentrating because all she thinks about is the intense chemistry they have and how attracted she is to her new girlfriend. These intense feelings are BEST described as _____ love.

passionate

A student comes into a math class with the expectation that the teacher will be mean. The student does not notice the teacher's smile, but does notice the amount of work the teacher has assigned for the semester. This is caused by the process of:

perceptual confirmation.

Miguel takes an unusual delight in smoking cigarettes directly beneath a "no smoking" sign posted on an outdoor patio at his workplace. Miguel's behavior is BEST explained by the phenomenon of:

reactance.

Out of the classes that Gina has taken that have a few Asian students, two out of these five students received the top grades in the class. According to the text, Gina is MOST likely to assume that all three of the Asian students in her current class will:

receive the highest grades in the class.

Rachel is waiting at a red light as a car pulls out from a small side street a few cars in front of her. As the light turns green, no one is letting the car merge onto the main road. As Rachel approaches, she waves to the car's driver to signal that they can merge. Although her behavior seems genuinely unselfish, Rachel expects other drivers to return the favor for her someday. This example is a description of:

reciprocal altruism.

Brady is a gay man who dances poorly. When an attractive man asks him to dance at a club, he is briefly reminded of the commonplace notion that gay men dance better than straight men do. Brady's resultant anxiety may cause him to dance even more poorly than he might otherwise should he accept the man's invitation. Brady is BEST described as experiencing:

stereotype threat.

Curtis usually does very well on tests, but he failed his most recent vocabulary exam. His teacher was very upset by Curtis's performance and decided that Curtis must be sick or have some type of problem that affected his ability to study for the test. In this example, the teacher made a(n) _____ about Curtis's test performance.

situational attribution

Dr. Chen found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups than when each student completed an individual project. This difference may be explained by the phenomenon of:

social loafing.

Brittany has heard that people with long hair tend to be very rude. When getting on the subway, a girl with really long hair steps in front of her, and when Brittany makes a comment about it the girl gives her a dirty look. The girl has confirmed Brittany's _____ about girls with long hair.

stereotype

Stefan is a young man who plays soccer with a group of older men. Most of the older men have families and have to stop playing soccer around 4:00 p.m. to be home in time for dinner. A new man named Hugh, who is also older, joins the group. At 4:00 p.m., the game stops, and Stefan assumes that Hugh has to go home like the rest of the men in the group. Stefan has developed a(n) _____ about Hugh based on his experience with the rest of the older men.

stereotype

Marcellus is African American, and when he goes to take a graduate school entrance exam, he is asked to indicate his ethnicity before he begins. This leads Marcellus to begin thinking about assumptions people make regarding African Americans and intelligence, and he begins to fear that he will confirm these assumptions. This _____ could result in a self-fulfilling prophecy where Marcellus does poorly on the test.

stereotype threat

José believes that all women are "high maintenance." He recently went on a date with a woman who was ready when he came to pick her up, did not order the most expensive thing on the menu, and tried to pay for the meal. José is not likely to abandon his stereotype of women, but he will instead MOST likely engage in _____ to make this woman fit into his current stereotype.

subtyping

An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on _____ persuasion; the second, on ____ route.

systematic; heuristic

Julio is waiting for a ride-share driver to arrive. Tracking the driver using his phone, Julio sees that the driver is taking a circuitous route. Julio immediately thinks that the driver is unintelligent. He fails to consider the possibility that traffic conditions or road construction may account for the driver's unusual route. Julio is demonstrating:

the correspondence bias.

An Internet retailer finds that customers are MORE likely to make "big-ticket" purchases if they can be induced to make a smaller one first. This example BEST demonstrates:

the foot-in-the-door effect.

Robbie's friend asks him to feed her cat while she is out of town. Robbie agrees, and then his friend asks if he can also water her plants, take out the recycling, and get the mail. Which technique has Robbie's friend just used?

the foot-in-the-door technique

A teacher explains a student's antisocial and destructive behavior by suggesting that the student has a rebellious nature, rather than by suggesting that the student is experiencing peer pressure to perform antisocial acts. The teacher's explanation BEST reflects:

the fundamental attribution error.

In the case of Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme, many people were influenced to invest in a fraudulent design that promised very large monetary returns. Which basic motivation MOST likely made them susceptible to social influence in this case?

the hedonic motive

Denise and Ryan move to a new city. Based on the notion of a comparison level, which factor is MORE likely to break up their relationship?

the opportunity to meet new people who may be better relationship partners

Rita is a 40-year-old resident of the United States. According to the text:

there is a very high chance that she is married.

People are MOST likely to pay for things on an honor system when:

they believe they are being observed.