Chapter 13 Spinal Cord, Spinal Cord, Neuron, Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves & Reflex Physiology, Chapter 12 Spinal cord and spinal nerves

27) Which of the following groups of muscles have the most muscle spindles? a) muscles of the hand b) muscles of the back c) muscles of the thigh d) muscles of the middle-ear e) muscles of the torso

a) muscles of the hand

2) Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in a) the posterior horns. b) the anterior horns. c) the posterior column. d) the anterior column. e) the posterior root ganglion

b) the anterior horns.

32) The flexor (withdrawal) reflex employs a ____, which maintains a sustained contraction. a) parallel after-discharge circuit b) diverging circuit c) converging circuit d) closed circuit e) reverberating circuit

a) parallel after-discharge circuit

21) Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve have somas of solely sensory neurons? a) posterior (dorsal) root b) anterior (ventral) root c) posterior ramus d) anterior ramus e) meningeal branch

a) posterior (dorsal) root

24) Neurosomas of the posterior root are located in the ___, whereas neurosomas of the anterior root are located in the ___. a) posterior root ganglion; gray matter b) posterior root ganglion; white matter c) gray matter; white matter d) posterior root; anterior root e) white matter; gray matter

a) posterior root ganglion; gray matter

81) The spinal cord itself is ________ in relation to the vertebral column. a) shorter b) the same size c) longer d) none of the above e) both A and C

a) shorter

73) The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. a) tendon b) reciprocal c) flexor d) crossed extensor e) stretch

a) tendon

12) Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the a) thalamus. b) dorsal root ganglion. c) spinal cord. d) cerebral cortex. e) medulla oblongata. f) not on test

a) thalamus. ( not on test)

16) The ventral rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except a) the thoracic region. b) the brachial region. c) the cervical region. d) the lumbar region. e) the sacral region.

a) the thoracic region.

54) The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains a) Cell bodies of sensory neurons. b) Axons of sensory neurons. c) Axons of motor neurons. d) Cell bodies of motor neurons. e) Interneurons.

b) Axons of sensory neurons.

51) The white matter of the spinal cord contains a) Interneurons. b) Bundles of axons that share common origins, destinations, and functions. c) Both axons and dendrites. d) Sensory and motor nuclei. e) Bundles of dendrites that share common origins, destinations, and functions.

b) Bundles of axons that share common origins, destinations, and functions.

13) ___ keep(s) nerve fibers insulated from one another. a) Perineurium b) Endoneurium c) Fascicles d) Epineurium e) Blood vessels

b) Endoneurium

71) The stretch reflex a) Is an example of a polysynaptic reflex? b) Is important in regulating posture. c) Is activated when a skeletal muscle shortens. d) Involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon organ. e) both C and D

b) Is important in regulating posture.

83) ________ is an inflammation of the meningeal membranes. a) Membranitis b) Meningitis c) Meningealitis d) Hepatitis e) none of the above

b) Meningitis

65) A nerve of the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm is the ________ nerve. a) lesser occipital b) phrenic c) radial d) ansa cervicalis e) sciatic

b) phrenic

18) Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus? a) axillary b) sciatic c) phrenic d) ilioinguinal e) obturator

b) sciatic

64) Each of the following nerves is found in the lumbar plexus, except the ________ nerve. a) obturator b) sciatic c) saphenous d) genitofemoral e) femoral

b) sciatic

87) In the condition ________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerve. a) Hodgkin's disease b) shingles c) chickenpox d) neuronal damage e) myasthenia gravis

b) shingles

53) The dorsal root ganglia contain a) Cell bodies of sensory neurons. b) Axons of motor neurons. c) Axons of sensory neurons. d) Cell bodies of motor neurons. e) Interneurons.

a) Cell bodies of sensory neurons.

57) The dorsal and ventral roots of each spinal segment unite to form a a) Spinal nerve. b) Cervical enlargement. c) Spinal meninx. d) Spinal ganglion. e) Lumbar enlargement

a) Spinal nerve.

37) In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to a) contract and the antagonist muscles, the hamstrings, to relax. b) contract and the hamstrings also to contract. c) relax and the hamstrings to contract. d) relax and the hamstrings also to relax. e) relax without any effect on the hamstrings.

a) contract and the antagonist muscles, the hamstrings, to relax.

70) Reflexes that result from the connections that form between neurons during development are ________ reflexes. a) innate b) visceral c) somatic d) autonomic e) acquired

a) innate

1) The signals that control your handwriting travel down the spinal cord in a) the tectospinal tracts. b) the corticospinal tracts. c) the lateral vestibulospinal tracts. d) the medial vestibulospinal tracts. e) the spinocerebellar tracts

b) the corticospinal tracts.

9) Which of the following structures is the richest in lipid content? a) gray matter b) white matter c) arachnoid mater d) dura mater e) pia mater

b) white matter

15) There are __ pairs of spinal nerves. a) 12 b) 24 c) 31 d) 35 e) 62

c) 31

98) Nerve tracts, or fasciculi, would be found in the a) Posterior gray horns. b) Central canal. c) Anterior white columns. d) Gray commissures. e) both B and C

c) Anterior white columns.

42) In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into ascending and descending tracts grouping into a) Ganglia. b) Nuclei. c) Columns. d) Nerves. e) Horns

c) Columns.

79) The tough, fibrous outermost covering of the spinal cord is the a) Pia mater. b) Arachnoid. c) Dura mater. d) Periosteum. e) Epidural block

c) Dura mater.

45) The entire spinal cord is divided into ________ segments. a) 5 b) 12 c) 25 d) 31 e) 35

d) 31

88) Each peripheral nerve provides ________ innervation to specific structures. a) motor b) sensory c) tactile d) A and/or B e) B and/or C

d) A and/or B

91) The obturator nerve is distributed to the a) Biceps. b) Skin over the perineum. c) Posterior surface of the thigh. d) Adductors of the hip. e) Extensors of the hip.

d) Adductors of the hip.

92) The epidural space contains a) Denticulate ligaments. b) Air. c) Lymph. d) Connective tissue and blood vessels. e) Cerebrospinal fluid.

d) Connective tissue and blood vessels.

50) Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the a) White commissures. b) Lateral gray horns. c) Posterior gray horns. d) Gray commissures. e) Anterior gray horns

d) Gray commissures.

76) Interneurons in the spinal cord prevent muscle antagonists from interfering with an intended movement by a) A crossed extensor reflex. b) A stretch reflex. c) Reverberating circuits. d) Reciprocal inhibition. e) A tendon reflex.

d) Reciprocal inhibition.

46) The spinal cord continues to elongate and enlarge until about age a) 20 years. b) 6 months. c) 10 years. d) 2 months. e) 4 years.

e) 4 years.

94) The layer of the meninges that is tightly bound to the surface of the neural tissue is the a) Filum terminale. b) Denticulate ligament. c) dura mater. d) arachnoid mater. e) Pia mater.

e) Pia mater.

49) The projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called a) Horns. b) Wings. c) Pyramids. d) Fibers. e) Tracts.

a) Horns.

99) If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, a) Incoming sensory information would be disrupted. b) Motor control of skeletal muscles would be impaired. c) Motor control of visceral organs would be impaired. d) The spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. e) The brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord

a) Incoming sensory information would be disrupted.

86) The middle layer of the spinal nerve is termed the a) Perineurium. b) Epineurium. c) Posterneurium. d) Ectoneurium. e) Endoneurium.

a) Perineurium.

68) All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they a) Show wide variability in response. b) Help preserve homeostasis. c) Is the simplest type of nervous response? d) Are automatic motor responses. e) both B and D

a) Show wide variability in response.

47) The specialized membranes that protect the spinal cord are termed a) Spinal meninges. b) Spinal mater. c) Epidural membranes. d) Cranial meninges. e) Cranial mater

a) Spinal meninges.

5) The following are all functions associated with the spinal cord except a) to protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts. b) to mediate a reflex such as the withdrawal of a hand from pain. c) to conduct sensory information up to the brain. d) to conduct motor information down the cord. e) to coordinate the alternating contraction of several muscle groups associated with locomotion.

a) to protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts.

82) After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord does not. a) 7 b) 4 c) 10 d) 13 e) none of the above

b) 4

55) The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains a) Interneurons. b) Axons of motor neurons. c) Cell bodies of sensory neurons. d) Axons of sensory neurons. e) Cell bodies of motor neurons

b) Axons of motor neurons.

74) The flexor reflex a) Prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. b) Moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. c) Prevents a muscle from overstretching. d) Is an example of a monosynaptic reflex? e) Makes adjustments in other parts of the body in response to a particular stimulus.

b) Moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

48) Blood vessels directly supplying the spinal cord are found in the a) Arachnoid mater b) Pia mater. c) Epidural space. d) Subdural space. e) Dura mater

b) Pia mater.

63) The joining of the ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves is termed a(n) a) Lateral nerve. b) Plexus. c) Tract. d) Autonomic nerve. e) Dermatome.

b) Plexus.

97) The anterior(ventral) horns of the spinal cord contain a) Sympathetic nuclei. b) Somatic motor nuclei. c) Nerve tracts. d) Autonomic motor nuclei. e) Sensory nuclei.

b) Somatic motor nuclei.

33) If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm, this would be an example of a) an ipsilateral reflex. b) an intersegmental reflex. c) a withdrawal reflex. d) a crossed extensor reflex. e) a contralateral reflex.

b) an intersegmental reflex.

22) The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the a) medullary cone. b) cauda equina. c) lumbar enlargement. d) cervical enlargement. e) spinal cord.

b) cauda equina.

60) Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. a) lumbar b) cervical c) coccygeal d) sacral e) thoracic

b) cervical

38) A reflex where the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal cord is called a(n) _____ reflex arc. a) intersegmental b) contralateral c) ipsilateral d) polysynaptic e) monosynaptic

b) contralateral

7) Epidural anesthesia is introduced in the epidural space between the ___ to block pain signals during pregnancy. a) dural sheath and dura mater b) dural sheath and vertebral bones c) dura mater and arachnoid mater d) arachnoid mater and pia mater e) dura mater and pia mater

b) dural sheath and vertebral bones

29) A muscle spindle contains mostly a) glial cells. b) muscle fibers. c) fascicles. d) nerves. e) nerve cells.

b) muscle fibers.

85) Somatic motor nuclei are located on each side of the spinal cord and control all of the following, except muscles that a) Move the forearm and hand. b) Move the hand and fingers. c) Move the head and neck. d) Move the arm. e) Position the pectoral girdle

c) Move the head and neck.

95) The horns of the spinal cord contain a) Columns. b) Meninges. c) Nerve cell bodies. d) Funiculi. e) Nerve tracts

c) Nerve cell bodies.

93) The Subdural space a) Separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater. b) Is between the vertebrae and the dura mater. c) Separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater. d) Contains cerebrospinal fluid. e) Separates the pia mater from the dura mater.

c) Separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater.

20) A mixed nerve consists of both a) myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. b) glial cells and nerve cells. c) afferent and efferent fibers. d) association and integration neurons. e) spinal and cranial fibers

c) afferent and efferent fibers.

66) The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 form the ________ plexus. a) lumbar b) sacral c) brachial d) thoracic e) cervical

c) brachial

67) The ulnar nerve is found in which plexus? a) lumbar b) cranial c) brachial d) sacral e) cervical

c) brachial

14) A ganglion is a a) bundle of axons in the CNS. b) cluster of dendrites in either the CNS or the PNS. c) cluster of neurosomas in the PNS. d) bundle of axons in the PNS. e) cluster of neurosomas in the CNS.

c) cluster of neurosomas in the PNS.

44) The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. a) conus medullaris b) cauda equina c) filum terminale d) ventral root e) dorsal root

c) filum terminale

30) A nurse pricks your finger to type your blood. You flinch at the pain, pulling your hand back. This is called the a) painful reflex. b) stretch (myotatic) reflex. c) flexor (withdrawal) reflex. d) tendon reflex. e) crossed extension reflex.

c) flexor (withdrawal) reflex.

34) The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by a) a stretch reflex. b) alpha motor neurons. c) gamma motor neurons. d) anulospiral endings. e) secondary afferent (group II) fibers

c) gamma motor neurons.

58) Which of the following pairs is not properly matched? a) thoracic spinal nerves: 12 b) coccygeal spinal nerves: 1 c) lumbar spinal nerves: 4 d) sacral spinal nerves: 5 e) cervical spinal nerves: 8

c) lumbar spinal nerves: 4

56) Spinal nerves are ________ nerves. a) involuntary b) purely sensory c) mixed d) purely motor e) interneuronal

c) mixed

25) A ___ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous ___. a) nerve fiber; nerves b) nerve fiber; axons c) nerve; axons d) nerve fiber; neurosomas e) nerve; neurosomas

c) nerve; axons

10) Gray matter contains a) glial cells, axons of motor neurons, and Schwann cells. b) glial cells and myelinated fibers. c) neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons. d) the distal part of axons of lower order motor neurons. e) glial cells only.

c) neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons.

41) Tendon organs are a) chemoreceptors. b) visceral receptors. c) proprioceptors. d) pain receptors. e) nociceptors.

c) proprioceptors.

90) As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. a) Brachial b) femoral c) sciatic d) pudendal e) perineal

c) sciatic

26) Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex? a) somatic receptor, interneuron, afferent nerve fiber, efferent nerve fiber, skeletal muscle b) somatic receptor, efferent nerve fiber, interneuron, afferent nerve fiber, skeletal muscle c) somatic receptor, afferent nerve fiber, interneuron, efferent nerve fiber, skeletal muscle d) somatic receptor, efferent nerve fiber, afferent nerve fiber, interneuron, skeletal muscle e) somatic receptor, afferent nerve fiber, interneuron, efferent nerve fiber, smooth muscle

c) somatic receptor, afferent nerve fiber, interneuron, efferent nerve fiber, skeletal muscle

3) Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglia? a) Smell. b) hearing . c) touch . d) taste . e) vision .

c) touch .

89) If a person has an injury at C4, you would expect that he a) Would be in a coma. b) Would have full range of motion in all extremities. c) Could walk without difficulty. d) Would be unable to breathe on his own. e) Would exhibit none of the above

d) Would be unable to breathe on his own.

8) Cerebrospinal fluid fills in the space between the a) dural sheath and dura mater. b) dural sheath and vertebral bones. c) dura mater and arachnoid mater. d) arachnoid mater and pia mater. e) dura mater and pia mater.

d) arachnoid mater and pia mater.

59) The ________ of each spinal nerve provides sensory and motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back. a) white ramus communicantes b) gray ramus communicantes c) dermatomes d) dorsal ramus e) ventral ramus

d) dorsal ramus

61) Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. a) shoulder b) facial c) abdominal d) leg e) intercostal

d) leg

31) The quickest reflex arcs involve only two neurons, thus forming __ reflex arcs. a) ipsilateral b) contralateral c) polysynaptic d) monosynaptic e) autonomic

d) monosynaptic

4) The spinal cord is divided into all of the following regions except a) cervical. b) thoracic. c) lumbar. d) pelvic. e) sacral.

d) pelvic.

39) The tendon reflex a) causes a muscle that is being stretched to contract. b) makes the contralateral motor neurons contract. c) makes the ipsilateral motor neurons relax. d) prevents overcontraction of a muscle. e) causes a tendon to contract.

d) prevents overcontraction of a muscle.

36) You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little but this reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the a) tendon reflex. b) crossed extension reflex. c) withdrawal reflex. d) stretch (myotatic) reflex. e) flexor (withdrawal) reflex.

d) stretch (myotatic) reflex.

23) Somatosensory refers to these sensory signals except the sensory signals from a) bones and muscles. b) joints. c) proprioceptors. d) the viscera. e) the skin.

d) the viscera.

78) Control of spinal reflexes by the brain involves all of the following, except a) Modulation by neurons of the brain. b) The production of EPSPs at synapses with interneurons. c) Descending tracts of the spinal cord. d) The production of IPSPs at synapses with interneurons. e) A pathway of 4 to 6 neurons.

e) A pathway of 4 to 6 neurons.

77) All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they a) Involve reciprocal innervation. b) Have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response. c) Are intersegmental in distribution. d) Involve pools of interneurons. e) Are arranged according to dermatomes

e) Are arranged according to dermatomes

72) All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they a) Help prevent muscle damage that would result from overstretching. b) Consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers. c) Are regulated by gamma motor neurons. d) Are found in skeletal muscle. e) Are found in skeletal muscles and their tendons.

e) Are found in skeletal muscles and their tendons.

___ carry motor commands from the brain along the spinal cord. a) Both anterior and posterior roots b) Ascending tracts c) Spinal nerves d) Cranial nerves e) Descending tracts

e) Descending tracts

52) The outermost connective tissue covering of spinal nerves is the a) Perineurium. b) Endomysium. c) Endoneurium. d) Epimysium. e) Epineurium.

e) Epineurium.

43) Enlargements of the spinal cord occur a) Adjacent to the anterior median fissure. b) Near the posterior median sulcus. c) In the filum terminale. d) In the thoracic region of the spinal cord. e) In segments of the spinal cord that control the limbs

e) In segments of the spinal cord that control the limbs

80) The white matter of the spinal cord is dominated by a) Cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons. b) Unmyelinated axons. c) Schwann cells and satellite cells. d) Nodes of Ranvier. e) Myelinated axons.

e) Myelinated axons.

96) The posterior (dorsal)horns of the spinal cord contain a) Nerve tracts. b) Sympathetic nuclei. c) Somatic motor nuclei. d) Autonomic motor nuclei. e) Sensory nuclei.

e) Sensory nuclei.

100) In diagnosing bacterial and viral infections of the nervous system, samples of cerebrospinal fluid are extracted for analysis. This procedure would logically withdraw fluid for analysis from the a) Arachnoid mater. b) Epidural space. c) dura mater. d) cerebral ventricles. e) Subarachnoid space.

e) Subarachnoid space.

69) Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except a) The site where information processing occurs. b) The complexity of the neural circuit involved. c) The nature of the resulting motor response. d) Their development. e) Whether they are sensory or motor.

e) Whether they are sensory or motor.

6) Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury? a) a fracture of vertebra C2 b) a fracture of vertebra C6 c) a fracture of vertebra T5 d) a fracture of vertebra T12 e) a fracture of vertebra L4

e) a fracture of vertebra L4

84) Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block? a) It provides mainly sensory anesthesia. b) It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery. c) It can be difficult to achieve in the upper cervical and midthoracic region. d) It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection. e) all of the above

e) all of the above

35) The fibers that carry action potentials to cause skeletal muscle to contract are a) gamma motor neurons. b) anulospiral endings. c) intrafusal fibers. d) extrafusal fibers. e) alpha motor neurons

e) alpha motor neurons

75) The reflex that complements a withdrawal reflex by making compensatory adjustments on the opposite side of the body receiving the stimulus is the ________ reflex. a) tendon b) reciprocal c) flexor d) stretch e) crossed extensor

e) crossed extensor

17) Which of the following nerves originates in the cervical plexus? a) oculomotor b) sciatic c) musculocutaneous d) radial e) phrenic

e) phrenic

28) These are all properties of reflexes except a) reflex responses are very predictable. b) reflexes are responses to sensory inputs. c) reflexes are quick responses of the nervous system. d) reflexes are not voluntary. e) reflexes are spontaneous actions of the nervous system.

e) reflexes are spontaneous actions of the nervous system.

40) This reflex shows the least synaptic delay. a) polysynaptic reflex b) cross extension reflex c) withdrawal reflex d) flexor reflex e) tendon reflex

e) tendon reflex

19) Which of these is an ascending tract of the spinal cord? a) the lateral tectospinal tract b) the medial reticulospinal tract c) the ventral corticospinal tract d) the vestibulospinal tract e) the gracile fasciculus

e) the gracile fasciculus (not on test)

62) Sensory and motor innervations of the skin of the sides and front of the body are provided by the a) White ramus communicantes. b) dermatomes. c) gray ramus communicantes. d) dorsal ramus. e) ventral ramus.

e) ventral ramus.