Chapter 13: The Age of Dissent and Division

The Irish identity

Catholic

Presbyterian

Scottish Calvinist

Edward VI and Protestantism

was Henry's son by Jane Seymour. He was 9 yrs. old as king, and his compliance gave Protestants the opportunity to reform.

Index of Prohibited Books

was a list of forbidden books to Catholics that shows doctrinal intolerance

Thomas Cromwell

Henry's adviser. Broke the bonds that linked the English Church to Rome.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor. Had problems b/c no standards or identity in his empire.

John of Leyden

Names himself "king of the New Temple" Wanted to create a perfect society by doing something completely different than status quo. Anabaptist practices became required, private property was abolished and polygamy was permitted.

The Six Articles

Parliament states the official orthodoxy: Oral confession to priests, masses for the dead, clerical celibacy, Latin Mass and Catholic Eucharistic doctrine were still the same

Mary Tudor and Catholicism

Succeeded Edward. Since she was related to "most catholic" monarchs, she promoted Catholicism.

Menno Simons

Surviving Mennonite sect of Anabaptism dedicated to pacifism and simplicity of religion

The Counter Reformation

The Church is changing. (reaction to Reformation?)

The Elect

people who are preordained to go to heaven. The more talented, the more wealth, the better behaved their children, is a sign that they are going to heaven. If you view yourself as the Elect, it is like a drug (most middle class see themselves as this)

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin wrote the principles of Protestantism logically and systematically

John Knox

Calvin's disciple that brings Calvinism to Scotland, and sees Geneva as utopia

Consequences of emphasis on family unit

Father figure was responsible for instructing household according to religion (replaced priests

Ulrich Zwingli

Founder of Zwinglianism w/ humanist views of Bible

Anne Boleyn

2nd wife of Henry. Gives birth to Elizabeth.

What were the 95 theses about?

Corruption of Church and office of the Pope

Katharina von Bora

Wife of Luther

What Catholic practices does Elizabeth retain?

Bishops, church courts and vestments for the clergy

What happened at the Diet of Worms?

1. Frederick declared that Luther did not have a fair hearing. Frederick brought him to Worms to be examined by a diet 2. Charles V was the diet's presiding officer, and could not tolerate threats to himself as emperor and Catholicism because that is what held his empire together 3. Charles condemned Martin Luther for Heresy

3 Forces of the Counter Reformation

1. Activities of popes 2. Legislation of the Council of Trent 3. foundation of the Society of Jesus by Ignatius Loyola

Consequences of Henry VIII as "Protector and only supreme head" of the Church in England

1. All papal revenues from England go to king 2. Started to dissolve England's monasteries and convents. Their lands and wealth was confiscated by the king, who distributed them to his supporters 3. England breaks w/ Rome 4. Develops Anglicanism so he is able to do what he wants and assure his throne

Consequences of emphasis on depravity of human will

1. Allowed town gov't to consolidate authority by eliminating jurisdictional authority of the catholic church 2. Increases elite's power over apprentices/journeymen

What are major concepts that Protestants emphasize in towns during this time period of domestication?

1. Attacks monasticism and clerical celibacy 2. Emphasize depravity of human will 3. Reinforced control of individual man over their household by emphasizing the family as the basic unit of religious education 4. Offers religious ideal for women 5. Parental control of marriage (The relationship btwn Church, state and marriage is redefined)

The Jesuit order

1. Beliefs: Originated as group of 6 disciples who followed Loyola when he was a student in Paris. Formally constituted by Pope Paul III. They vowed to serve God in poverty, chastity and missionary work. 2. Militant Nature: They were soldiers sworn to defend the faith through eloquence persuasion and instruction. Enforced iron discipline of members. Individuality suppressed, and obedience required. Jesuit general AKA black pope: elected for life, only answered to pope in Rome

Things changed by the Council of Trent

1. Bishops and priests were forbidden to hold more than one spiritual office to improve pastor's care of the laity 2. Theological college was established in every district so there was no more ignorant priesthood 3. They replaced local religious practices and saints' cults w/ new cults controlled and approved by Rome 4. Censored dangerous books to prevent heretical ideas from corrupting ppl

Luther's contradictory views

1. Books: On Temporal Authority and Against the Thevish, Murderous Hordes of Peasants 2. Major points: Rulers must be obeyed in all things (State power), preserve the social order, revolts should be punished

Why does Charles' attempt fail?

1. Catholic princes support Protestant princes to preserve their independence. 2. Charles V was involved in another war w/ France

Consequences of Peace of Augsburg

1. Catholic rulers had to acknowledge the legality of Protestantism 2. No sovereign state can tolerate religious diversity 4. Excluded Calvinism 5. Still warring for another century

Consequences of the Reformation

1. Deepened existent divisions btwn ppl and states 2. Transformed the religious, social and political structures of Europe and its colonies 3. Spurs Counter Reformation

How was godly/family discipline enforced by Protestant rulers?

1. Disciplined children in schooling of Bible 2. Fathers were expected to instruct/discipline wives, children and servants

Why did Luther's theology lead him to break Rome?

1. Everyone thought this new religion would lead to spiritual salvation. This dismantled the contemporary religious practice as well as the authority and sanctity of the Church.

Calvinistic view on Christian conduct

1. If you are predestined for salvation, God makes you act according to his laws 2. Membership in the Reformed Church is another sign of predestined salvation 3. Sin offends God, so Christians should do all to prevent it to sustain God's glory

Consequence of conflict between townspeople and Protestant reformers:

1. Instituted special committees to police public morals 2. Alternated between Protestantism and Catholicism 3. There was a widespread abolition of brothels and prostitution. There was stricter supervision of private life

Luther composes pamphlets about:

1. Justification by faith 2. The authority of scripture: Reading of scripture took precedence over beliefs/practices not written in scripture 3. The priesthood of all believers: Christian believers were spiritually equal before God. Clergy had no special qualities (in the end, this doesn't hold true)

Consequences of Protestant Wind

1. Laws against Catholic practices become severe. 2. Catholic traditions were a persecuted minority

How does Luther avoid punishments from Worms?

1. Luther was "kidnapped" and hidden @ castle of the Wartburg by Frederick 2. Charles V leaves Germany, and the Diet of Worms isn't enforced

What did the Jesuits do?

1. Missionary work: Proselytized and established schools, preached to non-Christians in India, China, Spanish America to combat Protestantism 2. Helped colonize the world: kept rulers and subjects loyal to Catholicism or martyred regained territory from Luther/Calvin

John Calvin's ideas

1. Omnipotence of God: the entire universe depends on God's will, who created all things for his glory and who knows all thing present and future. 2. All humans are sinners by nature 3. God has predestined some for eternal salvation and damned others to hell. Nothing can change fate, and all souls are determined before birth.

Why did large numbers of people support Luther's cause?

1. Peasants hoped the new religion would free them from their lord's demands

Corruption of Popes during Luther's time

1. Pope Alexander VI bribed cardinals for his position w/ money raised to support military campaigns of illegitimate son 2. Pope Julius II enlarged Papal States w/ war 3. Leo X was a member of the Medici family of Florence. Good administrator but self-indulgent aesthete

How had Catholicism become more about earning salvation quantitatively?

1. Popes claimed to dispense salvation from the "Treasury of Merits" 2. Papacy claimed the dead could receive salvation from Treasury as well (simony controversy)

Importance of German princes implicating Lutheran religion in their territories

1. Popular support was not enough for success of this movement. There needed to be a place where people were not forced to flee, face death, or conform to Catholicism 2. Gave Luther protection

What kind of Protestant Reform was done during Edward's reign?

1. Priests could marry 2. English services replaced Latin 3. Veneration of images was discouraged, and images were defaced/destroyed 4. Prayers for the dead were declared useless 5. Repudiated all sacraments except baptism and communion 6. Justification by faith alone 7. The Book of Common Prayer

Why did so many German princes and towns impose the new protestant religion w/in their territories? (symbiotic relationship)

1. Princes thought it would let them gain political independence 2. Nationalists thought it would free them from demands of Italian popes, who only focused on Italy 3. Rulers wanted to control appointment to Church offices 4.. Wanted to restrict $ to Rome and limit the independence of papal courts 5. Monasteries and convents could be shut down and their lands used by the newly independent secular authorities

How does Luther disseminate ideas so far and so quickly?

1. Printing Press 2. Use of German Vernacular

Calvinistic teaching is different than Luther's

1. Proper Christian conduct was important 2. Calvin thought Christians should do unceasing labor for God 3. Calvin's religion was more controlling and forbade all self-indulgences 4. Calvin rejected everything of "popery", and argued for the elimination of all traces of hierarchy w/in any church. Each congregation elects own ministers and assemblies 5. Insisted on simplicity in worship 6. Made the sermon the centerpiece of reformed worship (rather than the Eucharist)

What led to Luther posting his theses?

1. Pursued traditional means for salvation, but didn't reach spiritual peace. He thought it was unfair that God would punish people w/ damnation for commandments they couldn't observe. 2. Tower Experience: Thought that God's justice lay in his power of mercy rather than punishment 3. Pondered Saint Paul's Letter to the Romans "The just shall live by faith" until he reached central doctrine: justification by faith alone 4.. Luther is provoked by abuse of spiritual power 5. Inspired by Saint Augustine

Consequences of Counter Reform movements

1. Revitalization of the Church (throughout the world) 2. Advancement of lay literacy in Catholic countries 3. Growth of concern for charity 4. Emphasis on role of religious women (new nun orders-Ursulines and Sisters fo Charity) 5. Convent was route to spiritual and political advancement in Catholic countries 6. Intolerance

How does the reformation movement domesticate?

1. Revolutionary potential was stopped 2. Increased emphasis on patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life 3. More disciplined and godly life was promoted by princes and towns 4. Secular leaders become like religious rulers

Geneva's government

1. Strict theocracy 2. Household were checked for behavior 3. Capital punishments for adultery, witchcraft, blasphemy, heresy

What made England Protestant?

1. The length of Queen Elizabeth's reign. 2. Protestantism and English nationalism fused into a conviction that God had chosen England for greatness. Protestantism and Englishness were the same. 3. The Protestant wind

Why did Germany protest first?

1. There were no concordats limiting papal authority in its principalities (high taxes) 2. Germans had no influence over papal policy and couldn't find jobs in Rome 3. • French and Spanish monarchs already took advantage of struggles between papacy and conciliarists. Germans weren't strong enough to secure special treatment

Consequences of goodwife ideal

1. Women have lower status b/c "they are more sexually drive". 2. To prevent them from sinning, they must be married at a young age so their husband can discipline them 3. Shuts down female monasteries 4. Creates conflict over marriage and sexuality

Lutheranism's practices are different

1. Works couldn't lead to salvation so fasts, pilgrimages, veneration of relics were pointless (Predestination) 2. Dissolution monasteries and convents. Priests called "ministers" or "pastors" and wanted to get rid of ecclesiastical hierarchy (but not really) 3. No distinction between clergy and laity, so ministers should marry 4. Demystification of religious rites: Use diff languages than Latin (German vernacular). Reduced sacraments to: baptism and the Eucharist. Luther believed in real presence of Christ in the sacrament

What was Luther's 95 these about?

1. dismantling the doctrine of indulgences 2. Luther said that the pope and clerics were fallible men and the highest authority was the bible

Elizabeth's Reforms (beginning of reign)

1. repealed Mary's Catholic legislation 2. prohibited foreign religious powers from exercising authority w/in England 3. adopted Protestant liturgical reforms instituted by Edward (e.g. The Book of common Prayer)

What kind of Catholic Reform was done during Mary's reign?

1. restored Latin Mass 2. required married priests to give up their wives. 3. made Parliament vote a return to papal allegiance. 4. Protestant leaders fled or were burned at the stake for refusing to abjure their Protestantism, but there was little resistance b/c ppl wanted stability *Note: couldn't restore monasticism

The Reformation

A religious revolution that splits western Christendom into various Protestant faiths.

Why did Protestants attack monasticism and clerical celibacy?

Against immunity of monastic houses from taxes and saw clerical celibacy as a trick to seduce women

How did other people view Anabaptists?

Anathema to both Protestant and Catholic powers b/c of connection btwn religious and secular authority

Thomas Cranmer

Annuls Henry's marriage to Catherine

The Book of Common Prayer

Archbishop Cranmer defined how the new English language services of the church should be conducted

Why does Charles V (Catholic) war w/ German princes (Lutheran)?

Charles V wants to establish Catholic identity/unity b/c his empire is huge

Erasmus' influence on Protestantism

Criticized papacy. Wrote: Julius Excluded and the Praise of Folly.

Peace of Augsburg

Cuius regiio, eius religio: as the ruler, so the religion. Means that in principalities where Lutherans ruled, Lutheranism would be the only state religion. In place Catholic princes ruled, people of their territories would be Catholic.

Tetzel

Dominican friar that sold indulgences, telling ppl they would get salvation for oneself or loved ones in purgatory. Tetzel violated Luther's idea that ppl are saved by God's grace and misled people into thinking they didn't need to confess sins anymore (putting innocent souls at risk)

Girolamo Savonarola

Dominican preacher that led Florence on puritan and moral reforms

Elizabeth's Act of Supremacy

Elizabeth declared herself supreme governor of the English church. Supreme governor was more protestant than Henry's supreme head, b/c protestants believe that only God is head of Church

The Protestant Wind

England naval forces win against Spanish Armada sent by Philip II (hubby of Mary)

Puritan

English Calvinist

Confessional division of Europe

European monarchs formulated their politics based on the confessions of faith, or statements of religious doctrine, peculiar to Catholics or the various forms of Protestantism. During this age of confessional division, European countries polarized along confessional lines, and governments persecuted followers of minority religions, whom they saw as threats to public security.

Simony

Exchange of God's grace for cash

Huguenot

French Calvinist

Council of Trent

General council of entire Church that reaffirmed all of the Catholic doctrines challenged by Protestant critics. Trent was the provincial capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

How is Calvinism implicated in Geneva?

Geneva, Switzerland was in political and religious upheaval, so Calvin moved there to preach and organize. He is expelled, but is accepted when he comes back

Martin Luther

German Professor of theology @ University of Wittenberg that posted 95 theses on the door of the university's chapel.

Luther's reaction to the bulla, and its consequence

He burned the document. Luther was given punishment to his overlord to be burned at the stake

Philip II

Husband of Mary, not trusted.

Why did Protestantism develop in Switzerland?

In 16th century: Switzerland was mostly independent and no one could stop leading citizens of Swiss municipality to adopt Protestant reforms

To the Christian Nobility

In German, Luther declared that the cardinals were not helping Germany and Rome's corruption caused the reign of Antichrist.

Bishop Albert of Hohenzollern's deal with Leo X

In debt b/c he paid for his position. Albert made a bargain w/ Pope Leo X . Leo would authorize the sale of indulgences in Albert's ecclesiastical territories if half of the income would go to Rome for the building of St. Peter's Basilica

Pope Leo X

Issues a bulla condemning Luther's publications as heretical. Threatens excommunication

Francis Xavier

Jesuit that baptized thousands of people; Loyola's associate

What did Catholics do after conquering Munster?

John and his 2 lieutenants. Their bodies were displayed in town square. Anabaptists became persecuted b/c they wanted to discourage radicals

King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's problem

King Henry VIII of England Catherine of Aragon. Had one daughter, Mary. Henry "needed" male heir for peaceful succession to throne, so he married Anne Boleyn. Henry tries annul marriage to Catherine by saying she had married his older bro.

Why was there conflict over early marriage and sexuality (restraint of lust)?

Men weren't supposed to marry until becoming master craftsmen. Apprentices and journeymen went to brothels, but the Protestant reformers were against this.

Anabaptism

Like Zwinglians, but disagreed w/ baptism. They believed only followers baptized at birth could be baptized as adults. the true church was a small community, whose members had to make thoughtful decisions to join. They called for pacifism, personal morality, and simplicity of worship. They rejected the medieval idea that the Church was a single body where all members of society belonged from birth

Justification by faith alone

Luther concluded that God's justice doesn't demand endless good works and religious rituals for salvation. Humans are saved by God's grace alone, an undeserved gift of faith for predestined, "justified" ppl. These justified people perform works of piety and charity, but the works don't save them. Piety and charity are visible signs of the believer's invisible spiritual state, which is only known to God.

How did Protestantism encourage parental control of children's marriage?

Luther declared marriage to be secular, and to be regulated by how the authorities thought best. Marriage involved inheritance of property, and parents didn't want adolescents to choose.

Frederick III "the Wise" of Saxony

Luther's supporting overlord.

Why does the reformation movement domesticate?

Luther, and other conservative protestants, were against the rebellious nature brewing that would change social, political, religious orders.

How does King Henry get his annulment?

Pope Clement VII doubted the validity of Henry's claim and it would provoke Charles V (Catherine of Aragon's nephew). The pope was in Charles V's captivity at this time, so he did nothing. Henry pressured the pope b/c of too many delays. He compelled an assembly of English clergy to declare him "protector and only supreme head" of the Church in England. He encouraged Parliament to produce list of grievances against the English clergy and used it to force them to concede his right to approve or deny Church legislation. Henry married the pregnant Anne Boleyn, even though his marriage to Catherine wasn't annulled. The archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, provided the annulment. Anne and Henry's child was Princess Elizabeth.

How was an aggressive movement for vigorous papal leadership effective?

Popes Paul III, Paul IV, Pius V, Sixtus V reformed church, reorganized papal finances and filled ecclesiastical offices w/ fitting bishops

Pope Clement VII

Popr during Henry VIII's rule, but under Charles V captivity

What is the problem and "solution" to patriarchal Protestant family?

Problem: Creates drunks, domestic violence, sexual relations, lewd dancing, swearing of oaths. Solution: punishments like public confessions, private counseling, public shaming, exclusion from church services, imprisonment. Not very successful; needed authorities to discipline.

What was the religious ideal for women presented in Protestantism?

Protestant "goodwife" should have kids. Marital sex is holy.

John Calvin

Protestant theologian and propagandist from France.

What is the significance of Geneva?

Protestants become inspired to build a city upon a hill. Converts visited Geneva and spread Calvinism

Why did Protestant rulers enforce godly discipline?

Protestants believed people would turn out bad unless they were required to be good. It was the responsibility of secular and religious leaders to control the behavior of the people. Evil deed would anger God and destroy human society

Catherine of Aragon

Related to Ferdinand/Isabella and Charles V. Mom of Mary.

Indulgences

Remissions of penitential obligations. First they could be earned by spiritual exercises, but later were for sale.

Even Catholic Church extends control of marriage (so more people would stay Catholic?). How?

Required formal public notice of intent to marry and insisted on priest at wedding ceremony. This allowed families time to intervene an unsuitable marriage.

Eucharist

Sacrifice of bread and wine (Lord's supper)

Ignatius Loyola

Spiritual soldier of Christ inspired by chivalric romances and romantic retelling of life of Jesus

Treasury of Merits

Storehouse of extra good works piled up by Christ and saints in heaven. Grace was withdrawn through indulgences.

Evidence that England begins to break with Rome

The English Church remains Catholic in organization, doctrine, ritual and language BUT: 1. they prohibited pilgrimages and veneration of relics 2. King Henry had 6 wives 3. monasteries start to disappear

Transubstantiation

The change by which the bread and the wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist become, not merely as a sign or a figure, but also in actual reality the body and blood of Chris

Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith

This prayer book was more moderate and ambiguous w/ the Eucharist. It combined Catholic and Protestant interpretations into a single declaration.

Zwinglianism

Thought that Catholic theology/practices conflicted w/ the Gospels. Condemned religious images and hierarchy in Church (sacraments are just reminders)

The Spiritual Exercises

a guidebook Ignatius developed as advice on how to master one's will and serve God through meditations on sin and life of Christ. This is the handbook for Jesuits and studied by Catholic laypeople

Millenarianism

belief that god intends to institute a completely new order of justice and spirituality throughout the world before the end of time